Table 4.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of coffee type.
| Coffee Type | Hearing Loss (Unilateral) | Hearing Loss (Bilateral) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR * (95% CI) | p-Value | OR * (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age group: 19–39 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.95 (0.53, 1.69) | 0.8599 | 0.46 (0.16, 1.27) | 0.1333 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.65 (0.22, 1.91) | 0.4369 | 0.64 (0.08, 4.88) | 0.6683 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.02 (0.39, 2.64) | 0.9752 | 1.28 (0.32, 5.08) | 0.7223 |
| Age group: 40–64 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.7414 | 0.61 (0.44, 0.84) | 0.0028 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.11 (0.81, 1.51) | 0.5216 | 0.70 (0.45, 1.09) | 0.1133 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.41 (0.86, 2.30) | 0.1694 | 0.63 (0.23, 1.73) | 0.3672 |
| Age group: ≥65 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) | 0.2083 | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) | 0.8886 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.4472 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.04) | 0.0842 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.38 (0.51, 3.74) | 0.5233 | 0.89 (0.30, 2.64) | 0.8294 |
| Tinnitus | Tinnitus-Related Annoyance | |||
| OR † (95% CI) | p-Value | OR † (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age group: 19–39 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.0175 | 1.09 (0.80, 1.50) | 0.5821 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.41) | 0.5439 | 1.04 (0.62, 1.74) | 0.8812 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.7163 | 1.13 (0.68, 1.86) | 0.6454 |
| Age group: 40–64 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.9359 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) | 0.6790 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.6779 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | 0.7660 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.49 (1.17, 1.90) | 0.0011 | 1.28 (0.83, 1.95) | 0.2619 |
| Age group: ≥65 | ||||
| Brewed coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.14) | 0.4318 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 0.4441 |
| Instant coffee (yes vs. no) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 0.2263 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) | 0.7967 |
| Canned coffee (yes vs. no) | 0.85 (0.37, 1.97) | 0.7051 | 0.63 (0.14, 2.74) | 0.5328 |
* Adjusted for age, sex, education, parents’ education, perceived stress, exposure to indoor secondhand smoke, current smoking, heavy drinking, drinking-related problem, menopause, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, kidney failure, thyroid disorder, tympanic membrane perforation, cholesteatoma and otitis media with effusion. † Adjusted for age, sex, education, parents’ education, perceived stress, exposure to indoor secondhand smoke, current smoking, heavy drinking, drinking-related problem, menopause, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, kidney failure, thyroid disorder, tympanic membrane perforation, cholesteatoma, otitis media with effusion and hearing loss.