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. 2018 Sep 25;19(10):2917. doi: 10.3390/ijms19102917

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biliary Tree Stem/progenitor Cells (BTSCs) and peribiliary glands (PBGs) in human biliary tree. PBGs are located in normal large intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts (A) and are in direct communication with the bile duct lumen (asterisks). In PBGs, BTSCs can be identified by the positivity to stem cell markers, such as Sox9 and EpCAM. Circled areas are magnified in the boxes. In diseased ducts, such as Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (B), dysplastic/neoplastic transformation (C), and non-anastomotic strictures (D), PBGs showed different degrees of mucinous metaplasia (arrows in B), proliferation (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: PCNA, arrows in C) and necrosis (arrows in D). Original Magnification: 10× (A) and 20× (B–D).