Table 2.
Proteoglycans as biomarkers in liver diseases.
| Proteoglycan | Sample | Biomarker |
|---|---|---|
| Serglycin | Tissue | ↑ HCC with vascular invasion, advanced BCLC staging, and unfavorable prognosis [9] |
| Serum | ↑ HCC with bone metastasis [11] | |
| Syndecan-1 | Tissue | ↓ HCC with poor differentiation and high metastatic potential [16,17] |
| Serum | ↑ CLD with fibrosis [19] ↑ HCC with advanced BCLC staging [20] ↑ HCC recurrence [21] |
|
| Glypican-3 * | Tissue | ↑ HCC with poor prognosis [38,39] ↑ HCC recurrence after operation [40,41,42] ↑ HCC recurrence after liver transplantation [43] |
| Serum | ↑ HCC (Independent to AFP) [34,48] | |
| Agrin | Tissue | ↑ CLD and HCC [73] |
| Serum | N/A | |
| CollagenXVIII/Endostatin | Tissue | N/A |
| Serum | N/A | |
| Versican | Tissue | ↑ CLD with fibrosis [102,103,105] ↑ HCC with poor prognosis [104,105] ↑ early-stage HCC [106] |
| Serum | ↑ CLD with fibrosis [103] | |
| Decorin | Tissue | ↑ CLD with fibrosis [123] |
| Serum | N/A |
BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer, CLD: Chronic liver disease, N/A: Not available, *: Applied for diagnosis, ↑: increased, ↓: decreased.