Table 1.

Food groups used in dietary patterns analysis

Food Group	Questionnaire Item(s)	Remarks
Sugar	Sugar	Sugar added to beverages, such as tea, coffee, etc.
Honey	Honey	Honey added to dishes and added to beverages
Sweets and snacks	Bakers’ confectionery	Biscuits, cream cakes, sponge cakes, cheesecakes, doughnuts, poppy-seed cakes, croissants etc.
	Ice creams and custard	Ice creams and custard
	Chocolates	Chocolate, chocolate sweets and chocolate bars
	Sugar confectionery	Boiled sweets, hard caramels, jellied sweets, fudge, etc.
	Savoury snacks	Crisps, crackers, pretzels
Milk, fermented milk drinks, and curd cheese	Milk and milk beverages—natural	Milk and natural milk beverages (yoghurt, kefir, buttermilk), porridge, etc.
	Cheese curds	Cheese curd, natural cottage cheese, soft cheese, mozzarella, cottage cheese with herbs, etc.
Sweetened milk products	Milk beverages—sweetened	Fruit yoghurts, yoghurts with chocolate flakes, flavoured buttermilk, hot chocolate, etc.
	Flavoured cheese curds	Flavored curds (with fruit, chocolate, vanilla), etc.
Cheeses	Cheese	Hard cheese, blue cheese, processed cheese, cheese spreads, etc.
Eggs and egg dishes	Eggs and egg dishes	Scrambled eggs, omelette, egg salad, cooked eggs
Breakfast cereals	Breakfast cereals	Muesli, cornflakes, other cereals—sweetened or unsweetened, etc.
Wholegrain products	Wholemeal cereals	Wholemeal wheat or rye bread, seeded loafs, pumpernickel, wholemeal cracker bread, etc.
	Coarse groats	Buckwheat groats, barley, brown rice, wholemeal pasta, etc.
Refined grain products	Refined cereals	White bread, rye, wheat-rye bread, toast bread, white bread rolls, brioche, bagels, etc.
	Fine groats	Semolina, milled barley, pasta, white rice, rice flakes, etc.
Animal fats	Butter	Butter
	Cream	Single, double, sour, used as an ingredient or added to beverages
	Other animal fats	Lard, pork fat, etc.
Red meats	Red meat	Pork, beef, veal, etc.
Venison	Venison	Wild boar, venison, quail, mallard, hare, etc.
Processed meats	Sausages, bacon, reconstituted meat	Sausages, meat loaf, hot-dogs, smoked sausages, bacon, etc.
	High quality cured meats	Ham, poultry and pork-beef good quality cold meats, etc.
	Offal products	Liver, blood sausage, sweetbread, liver pate, etc.
Vegetables	All kind of vegetables (cruciferous, root, yellow-orange, leafy green, tomatoes, gourds, and squashes)	Cabbages, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, carrots, peppers, spinach, chicory, lettuce, rocket, leek, celery, parsley, tomatoes, fresh cucumber, marrow, courgettes, pumpkins, aubergines, Parsnip, beetroots, onion, garlic, celeriac, radishes, turnip, salads, mixed vegetables
Potatoes	Potatoes	Boiled, baked, French fries, potato rosti, gnocchi, etc.
Vegetable oils	Vegetable based oil
Other edible fats	Margarine	Margarine for baking, frying, spreading
	Mayonnaise	Mayonnaise and salad dressings
White meat	Poultry and rabbit
Fish	Lean fish	Pollock, cod, perch, hake, carp to 1 kg, tuna, panga, trout etc.
	Oily fish	Salmon, sardines, herring, mackerel, eel, large carp etc.
Fruit	All kind of fruits (stone fruits, kiwi and citrus fruits, tropical fruits, berries, bananas, apples, and pears)	Apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, grapes, kiwi, oranges, mandarins, grapefruit, lemons, pomelos, pineapples, watermelon, melons, fresh dates and figs, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, redcurrants, blackcurrants, bananas, apples, pears
Nuts and seeds	Nuts and nut spreads	Peanuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, cashews, coconuts, chestnuts, etc.
	Seeds and bran	Pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, wheat germs, wheat bran, etc.
Legumes	Fresh and tinned legumes	Corn, green peas, green beans, etc.
	Dry and processed pulses	Beans (fava, butter kidney, broad, French, green), soya, peas, chickpea, and processed pulses (baked beans, hummus, other bread spreads)
Juices	Fruit juices and nectars	Mixed fruit juice, orange, grapefruit, apple, pear, grape, blackcurrant, cherry juice
	Vegetable and vegetable-fruit juices	Mixed vegetable juice, tomato, carrot and carrot-fruit juice
Sweetened beverages and energy drinks	Sweetened beverages
	Energy drinks
Alcohol	Beer	Beer
	Wine and cocktails	Wine and cocktails
	Spirits	Vodka and other spirits