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. 2018 Oct 13;10(10):1499. doi: 10.3390/nu10101499

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Butyrate formation from dietary fibre and absorption in the large intestine. Two pathways of butyrate production from butyryl-CoA in bacteria has been reported. Letter “A” indicates that butyryl-CoA is phosphorylated to butyryl-phosphate and converted to butyrate via butyrate kinase. Letter “B” shows that the CoA moiety of butyryl-CoA is transferred to external acetate via butyryl-CoA: acetate transferase, leading to the formation of butyrate and acetyl-CoA [38]. Several receptors for butyrate including G-protein-coupled receptors 41 (GPR41), GPR43 and GPR109A have been identified. GPR41 is found in adipose tissues and immune cells, GPR43 in immune cells whereas GPR109A is present in colonic cells. GPR109A is essential for butyrate-mediated induction of IL-18 in colonic epithelium. Modified from [27].