Table 3.
Overview of effects of increased short-chain fatty acids and butyrate production and parameters related to systemic inflammation.
| Dietary Fibre Source | Species | Model | SCFA/Butyrate | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AX + RS | Human | MetS | Faecal SCFA ↑ Faecal butyrate ↑ |
Hs-CRP → IL-6 → IL-1RA → |
[51] |
| Trans-GOS | Human | Healthy elderly | Not measured | IL-6 ↓ IL-1β ↓ TNFα ↓ IL-10 ↑ |
[93] |
| FOS | Human | Elderly | Not measured | IL-6 (mRNA) ↓ | [111] |
| RS | Human | MetS | Not measured | IL-6 → TNFα → |
[118] |
| Whole grain rye and wheat vs. refined flour | Human | MetS | Not measured | Hs-CRP → IL-6 → IL-1RA → TNFα → |
[117] |
| Whole grain | Human | Overweight, BMI > 25 kg/m2 |
Not measured | Hs-CRP → IL-6 → |
[116] |
| High-fibre diet based on oat bran, rye bran and sugar beet fibre vs. low-fibre diet based on refined products | Human | Hypercholesterolemic subjects | Not measured | CRP ↓ IL-6 → IL-1RA → TFNα → IFN-γ → IL-17A → IL-1β → IL-7→ |
[115] |
| Healthy Nordic high-fibre diet vs. low-fibre refined control | Human | MetS | Not measured | Hs-CRP → IL-1RA ↓ IL-1β → IL-6 → IL-10 → |
[113] |
| RS | Human | Prediabetic | Not measured | Hs-CRP → TNFα ↓ IL-6 → |
[112] |
SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; AX, arabinoxylan; RS, resistant starch; GOS, galactooligosaccharides; FOS, fructooligosaccharides; MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; hs-CRP, high-sensitive acute-phase C-reactive protein; IL, interleukine; TNFα, tissue necrotic factor α. ↑ ↓ → denote if the level is higher, lower or the same as in the control group.