Table 1.
Molecular mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) in autoimmune and hematological diseases. Abbreviations: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); programmed cell death (PDC); systemic lupus erythematous (SLE); dendritic cells (DCs); chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); systemic sclerosis (SSc); Hodgkin lymphoma (HL); rheumatic arthritis (RA); psoriasis (Ps); chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); T helper 17 cells (Th17); interferon (IFN); acute myeloid leukemia (AML); idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS); lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS); autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA); T helper 1 cells (Th1).
| miRNAs | Innate Immune Cells Hyperactivation and Inflammation | Autoreactive B Cell | T Cell Imbalance | Hematologic Disease | Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Let-7a | Cell proliferation in NHL [191] | ||||
| Let-7b | pDC activation and cytokine (IFNa) production in SLE [30]; | ||||
| Let-7c | DCs activation in SLE-like mouse models; pro-inflammatory cytokines production [41] | ||||
| Let-7i | Cell proliferation in CML [176] | ||||
| miR-7 | Fibrosis in SSc [52] | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in CML [166] | SSc-CML: 1.23 [213] | ||
| miR-9 | Cell proliferation and inflammation in HL [206,207]; cell proliferation in NHL [191] | ||||
| miR-10a | Pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RA [57,58] | ||||
| miR-10b | Chemokines receptor production in Ps keratinocytes [61] | ||||
| miR-15a/miR-16-1 cluster | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in CLL [109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117] | ||||
| miR-15a | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in CML [175] | ||||
| miR-17-92 cluster | Pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RA [59]; Chemokines production in Ps keratinocytes [60] | IgG autoantibodies production in SSc-like mouse model [79] | Th17 differentiation in SSc-like mouse model [79] | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in NHL [189] | RA-NHL: Male 2.39, Female 2.04 [214]; 1.89 [215]; 5.4 [216]; 2.34 [217]; Male 2.07, Female 1.37 [218]; 3.54 [219]; 2.27 [220]; 2.0 [23]; 3.38 [221]; 3.31 [222]; [22,223]; Ps-NHL: 2.2 [224]; 1.4 [23]. SSc-NHL: 1.18 [225]; 2.9 [226]; 2.5 [227]; 2.1 [23]; 4.14 [221] |
| miR-19b | Disease progression in AML [156] | ||||
| miR-21 | pDCs activation and cytokine (IFNa) production in SLE [30]; Fibrosis in SSc [51] | B cells differentiation and IgG autoantibodies production in SLE [77]; IgG autoantibodies and co-stimulatory molecules production in SLE-like mouse model [78] | Pro-inflammatory cytokines production in SLE-like mouse model [78]; T cells apoptosis in Ps [86]; Th17 differentiation in RA [87]; methylation of autoimmune-associated-genes in SLE and SLE-like mouse model [88] | Disease progression and apoptosis in CLL [121,122,124,125]; apoptosis and cell proliferation in CML [170,171,172] | SLE-CLL: 1.17 [213]; SSc-CLL: nd; Ps-CLL: 1.10 [213]; RA-CLL: 1.09 [213]; SLE-CML: 1.90 [213]; SSc-CML: 1.23 [213]; Ps-CML: nd; RA-CML: 2.4 [228]; 1.43 [213] |
| miR-23b | Pro-inflammatory cytokine production in SLE or RA and SLE and RA-like mouse models [99] | ||||
| miR-24 | Apoptosis in HL [208] | ||||
| miR-26a | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in NHL [183,196] | ||||
| miR-27b | Cell proliferation in NHL [182] | ||||
| miR-28 | Cell proliferation in NHL [190] | ||||
| miR-29 | Fibrosis in SSc [48,49] | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in AML [142,143,144]; apoptosis and cell proliferation in NHL [195] | SSc-AML: 1.01 [213]; SSc-NHL: 1.18 [225]; 2.9 [226]; 2.5 [227]; 2.1 [23]; 4.14 [221]; SLE-AML: nd; SLE-NHL: 7.01 [229]; 2.86 [230]; 3.50 [231]; 2.74 [232]; 15.37 [233]; 7.27 [219]; 5.0 [220]; 4.39 [234]; 5.70 [235]; 7.40 [221] 4.40 [23]; 12.10 [236]; [22,223] | ||
| miR-30a | B cells proliferation and IgG autoantibodies production in SLE [73] | Apoptosis in NHL [191] | SLE-NHL: 7.01 [229]; 2.86 [230]; 3.50 [231]; 2.74 [232]; 15.37 [233]; 7.27 [219]; 5.0 [220]; 4.39 [234]; 5.70 [235]; 7.40 [221] 4.40 [23]; 12.10 [236]; [22,223] | ||
| miR-30b | Fibrosis in SSc [50] | Apoptosis in NHL [191] | SSc-NHL: 1.18 [225]; 2.9 [226]; 2.5 [227]; 2.1 [23]; 4.14 [221] | ||
| miR-31 | Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production in Ps [55]; keratinocyte proliferation in Ps [56] | ||||
| miR-34a | DCs activation in RA [39] | Cell proliferation in CML [177]; apoptosis and cell proliferation in NHL [185,186]; cell proliferation in HL [211] | RA-CML: 2.4 [228], 1.43 [213]; RA-NHL: Male 2.39, Female 2.04 [214]; 1.89 [215]; 5.4 [216]; 2.34 [217]; Male 2.07, Female 1.37 [218]; 3.54 [219]; 2.27 [220]; 2.0 [23]; 3.38 [221]; 3.31 [222]; [22,223]; RA-HL: 3.06 [215]; 4.05 [217]; 1.76 [219]; 12.82 [237]; 3.31 [222] | ||
| miR-34b/c | Disease progression in CLL [117] | ||||
| miR-99a | Disease progression in AML [157] | ||||
| miR-106a~363Xpcl1 cluster | Cell proliferation in NHL [204] | ||||
| miR-124a | Disease progression in HL [209,210] | ||||
| miR-125a | Treg differentiation in ITP [95] | AML [160] | ITP-AML: 3.46 [213] | ||
| miR-125b | Keratinocytes proliferation and differentiation in Ps [66] | Disease progression, apoptosis and cell proliferation in AML [147,148,149,150] | Ps-AML: 1.26 [213] | ||
| miR-126 | Methylation of autoimmune-associated-genes in SLE [90] | Apoptosis in AML [159] | SLE-AML: nd | ||
| miR-130b | Cytokines production (regulator type I IFN pathway) in renal cells (SLE) [31]; fibrosis in SSc [33]; | ||||
| miR-138 | Proliferation in Ps [64] | Th1 differentiation in Ps [100] | |||
| miR-142 | pro-inflammatory cytokines production in SLE [40] | T cell activation and B cell stimulation in SLE [72] | |||
| miR-143 | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in CML [168] | ||||
| miR-146a | type I IFN pathway in SLE [36]; co-stimulatory molecules production in SS-prone mice [37]; | IgG autoantibodies production in ALPS-like mouse model [76] | |||
| miR-146b | chemokines receptor production in Ps keratinocyte [61] | Co-stimulatory molecules production in patients with CLL associated with AIHA [14] | Treg differentiation in ITP [94] | ||
| miR-148a | Survival of immature B cells in SLE-like mouse model [74] | Methylation of autoimmune-associated-genes in SLE and SLE-like mouse model [88] | |||
| miR-150 | DCs activation and cytokines production in SLE-like mouse model [42]; fibrosis in lupus nephritis [43]; fibrosis in SSc [44,45] | Disease progression and cell proliferation in CLL [118]; apoptosis and cell proliferation in AML [151]; apoptosis in NHL [205] | SLE-CLL: 1.17 [213]; SSc-CLL: nd; SLE-AML: nd; SSc-AML: 1.01 [213]; SLE-NHL: 7.01 [229]; 2.86 [230]; 3.50 [231]; 2.74 [232]; 15.37 [233]; 7.27 [219]; 5.0 [220]; 4.39 [234]; 5.70 [235]; 7.40 [221] 4.40 [23]; 12.10 [236]; [22,223]; SSc-NHL: 1.18 [225]; 2.9 [226]; 2.5 [227]; 2.1 [23]; 4.14 [221] | ||
| miR-155 | Chemokine production and pro-inflammatory chemokine receptor expression in RA monocytes [25]; pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RA synovial CD14(+) [26]; resistance to apoptosis in CD14+ RA [24]; DCs hyperactivation [27]; co-stimulatory molecules production in pDCs from SLE-like mice model [28]; fibrosis in SSc [29]; proliferation in Ps [63] | IgG autoantibodies production in SLE-like mouse model [67]; in RA [69] and in RA-like mouse model [26]. | Treg cells development in SLE-like mouse model [82]; pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RA [85] and in RA-like mouse model [18] | Disease progression and cell proliferation in CLL [126,127,128,129,130,131,133]; disease progression and cell proliferation in AML [134,135,136,138,139,140,141]; cell proliferation in NHL [178,179,180,181,192,193,194] | RA-CLL: 1.09 [213]; SLE-CLL: 1.17 [213]; RA-AML: 2.4 [213,228,238]; SLE-AML: nd; RA-NHL: Male 2.39, Female 2.04 [214]; 1.89 [215]; 5.4 [216]; 2.34 [217]; Male 2.07, Female 1.37 [218]; 3.54 [219]; 2.27 [220]; 2.0 [23]; 3.38 [221]; 3.31 [222]; [22,223]; SLE-NHL: 7.01 [229]; 2.86 [230]; 3.50 [231]; 2.74 [232]; 15.37 [233]; 7.27 [219]; 5.0 [220]; 4.39 [234]; 5.70 [235]; 7.40 [221] 4.40 [23]; 12.10 [236]; [22,223] |
| miR-181a | Disease progression and cell proliferation in AML [145,146]; cell proliferation in NHL [184] | ||||
| miR-181b | Keratinocytes proliferation in Ps [65] | Disease progression and apoptosis in CLL [119,120] | Ps-CLL: 1.10 [213] | ||
| miR-192 | Cell proliferation in AML [152] | ||||
| miR-193b | Disease progression and cell proliferation in AML [153] | ||||
| miR-194 | Apoptosis in AML [154] | ||||
| miR-196a | Fibrosis in SSc [53,54] | ||||
| miR-202 | Fibrosis in SSc [47] | ||||
| miR-203 | Cell proliferation in HL [211] | ||||
| miR-210 | Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation [92] and pro-inflammatory cytokines production in Ps [91] | ||||
| miR-219 | Apoptosis in CML [174] | ||||
| miR-224 | Cell proliferation in CML [176] | ||||
| miR-302d | Cytokines production (regulator type I IFN pathway) in SLE [32] | ||||
| mir-320a | Apoptosis and cell proliferation in CML [169] | ||||
| miR-326 | B cells hyper activation of and IgG autoantibodies production in SLE-like mouse model [75] | ||||
| miR-328 | Cell proliferation in CML [173] | ||||
| miR-342 | Cell proliferation and apoptosis in AML [161] | ||||
| miR-362 | Disease progression in AML [158] | ||||
| miR-375 | Disease progression in AML [155] | ||||
| miR-483 | Fibrosis in SSc [46] | ||||
| miR-486 | Keratinocytes proliferation in Ps [62] | ||||
| miR-574 | pDCs activation and cytokine (IFNa) production in SLE [30] | ||||
| miR-618 | Citokines production (IFNA1) from pDCs in SSc [34] | ||||
| miR-1246 | B cells hyper activation and co-stimulatory molecules production in SLE [71] |