Table 4.
Multivariate adjusted odds ratios 1) and 95% CI for obesity and metabolic syndrome (including its individual components) according to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption | p for Trend 2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Drinker (Reference) |
≤2/Week OR (95% CI) |
3–6/Week OR (95% CI) |
≥1/Day OR (95% CI) |
||
| Men (n = 5308) | |||||
| Obesity | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 0.0025 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.92 (0.75–1.12) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.0989 |
| Increased waist circumference | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 0.6749 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) | 0.0145 |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.2231 |
| Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.81–1.15) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 0.1026 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | 0.1679 |
| Women (n = 6804) | |||||
| Obesity | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | 1.59 (1.22–2.08) | 0.0003 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) | 1.61 (1.20–2.16) | 0.0003 |
| Increased waist circumference | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) | 1.37 (1.08–1.75) | 0.0020 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.93–1.29) | 1.25 (0.99–1.56) | 1.21 (0.88–1.65) | 0.1034 |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 0.0154 |
| Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.58 (1.26–1.99) | 1.31 (0.95–1.81) | 0.0058 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 1.30 (1.06–1.61) | 1.62 (1.21–2.19) | 0.0007 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein. 1) Adjusted for age (continuous), energy intake (continuous), household income (lowest, lower middle, upper middle, highest), education level (under elementary school, middle school, high school, over college), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, moderate drinker, heavy drinker), smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, current smoker), and physical activity (low, moderate, high). 2) Linear trends across categories of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were tested using the median consumption values for each categories as an ordinal variable.