Table 4.
The fatty acid composition (percentage of total fatty acid methyl esters (% FAMEs)) of whole body homogenates of gilthead sea bream at the end of the 8-week feeding trial held at two different temperatures (19 °C and 23 °C). F6 and F2 indicate the feeding with the basal diets containing 6% and 2% dry matter (DM) fish oil, respectively. +RV indicates the feeding diets supplemented with 0.15% DM resveratrol.
| % FAMEs | 19 °C | 23 °C | Comparison between 19 °C and 23 °C | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F6 | F2 | F6 + RV | F2 + RV | F6 | F2 | F6 + RV | F2 + RV | F6 | F2 | F6 + RV | F2 + RV | |
| 14:0 | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.7 ± 0.1 (m) | 2.5 ± 0.2 (n) | 2.8 ± 0.1 a | 2.3 ± 0.1 b | 2.8 ± 0.1 m | 2.2 ± 0.2 n | * | |||
| 16:0 | 17.2 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 17.0 ± 0.5 | 16.5 ± 0.1 | 18.9 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 0.5 | 18.7 ± 0.2 | 18.2 ± 0.4 | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| 18:0 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 5.1 ± 0.2 A | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 B | 4.9 ± 0.1 | *** | * | ** | |
| Σ SFA 1 | 24.4 ± 0.4 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 26.9 ± 0.4 a | 25.9 ± 0.5 b | 26.2 ± 0.3 | 25.4 ± 0.5 | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| 14:1n-5 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | ||||
| 16:1n-7 | 4.4 ± 0.2 a | 3.9 ± 0.1 b | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.1 a | 3.7 ± 0.2 b | 4.5 ± 0.2 m | 3.6 ± 0.2 n | ||||
| 18:1n-7c | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 a | 2.6 ± 0.0 b | 2.9 ± 0.0 m | 2.7 ± 0.1 n | ** | *** | *** | *** |
| 18:1n-;9c | 32.0 ± 0.7 A | 32.8 ± 0.3 | 30.6 ± 1.0 B,n | 33.1 ± 0.6 m | 31.6 ± 0.4 b | 35.5 ± 0.4 a | 31.1 ± 0.3 n | 35.3 ± 0.4 m | *** | *** | ||
| Σ MUFA 2 | 39.5 ± 0.9 A | 39.7 ± 0.2 | 38.1 ± 0.9 B,n | 40.2 ± 0.5 m | 39.2 ± 0.1 b | 41.8 ± 0.6 a | 38.5 ± 0.2 n | 41.6 ± 0.7 m | ** | * | ||
| 18:2n-6c | 18.8 ± 0.6 | 19.5 ± 0.2 | 19.3 ± 0.5 | 19.3 ± 0.6 | 17.7 ± 0.3 | 18.6 ± 0.7 | 18.5 ± 0.2 | 18.9 ± 0.8 | (*) | |||
| 18:3n-3 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.0 | 8.0 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | * | |||
| 18:3n-6 | 0.9 ± 0.1 B,b | 1.2 ± 0.0 a | 1.1 ± 0.1 A | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 n | 1.0 ± 0.1 m | *** | *** | ** | |
| 20:5n-3 (EPA) 3 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.1 a | 1.7 ± 0.1 b | 2.9 ± 0.1 m | 1.7 ± 0.2 n | *** | *** | ||
| 22:5n-3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.7 ± 0.0 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 m | 0.7 ± 0.1 n | * | *** | ** | *** |
| 22:6n-3 (DHA) 4 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.4 m | 4.4 ± 0.5 n | 4.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 b | 4.2 ± 0.2 m | 2.5 ± 0.2 n | (*) | *** | ** | *** |
| Σ PUFA 5 | 36.1 ± 1.1 | 36.4 ± 0.4 | 37.6 ± 1.5 | 36.3 ± 0.5 | 34.0 ± 0.3 | 32.3 ± 1.1 | 35.3 ± 0.2 m | 33.0 ± 1.0 n | * | *** | * | ** |
| EPA + DHA | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 0.7 (m) | 7.3 ± 0.8 (n) | 6.9 ± 0.1 a | 4.1 ± 0.1 b | 7.0 ± 0.3 m | 4.3 ± 0.3 n | *** | * | *** | |
| EPA/DHA | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | ||||
| n-3/n-6 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | ||||
1 Σ SFA is the sum of the saturated fatty acids; 2 Σ MUFA is the sum of the monounsaturated fatty acids; 3 EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; 4 DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; 5 Σ PUFA is the sum of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The values (mean ± SD, n = 3) with different superscript letters and different types of letters within one temperature treatment differ with p-values < 0.05 based on ANOVA, as described in the Materials and Methods section. The superscript letters indicate the output of tests based on comparisons of fish oil level within one supplement group (a, b: F6 vs. F2; m, n: F6 + RV vs. F2 + RV) and the effect of supplementation within one fish oil level (A, B: F6 vs. F6 + RV), separated by temperature. The statistical outputs of the test based on the effect of the different holding temperatures analyzed within one feeding group are indicated in separate columns using * for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01 and *** for p < 0.001. All designations in brackets indicate a tendency towards a difference based on p < 0.1.