Table 3.

Current adequate intake recommendations for choline.

Stage	IOM—1998 1				EFSA—2016 2
	Age	AI (mg/day)		UL (mg/day)	Age	AI (mg/day)
		Males	Females
Infants	0–6 month	125	125	-	0–6 month	120
	7–12 month	150	150	-	7–11 month	160
Children	1–3 year	200	200	1000	1–3 year	140
	4–8 year	250	250	1000	4–6 year	170
	9–13 year	375	375	2000	7–10 year	250
	14–18 year	550	400	3000	11–14 year	340
					15–17 year	400
Adults	≥19 year	550	425	3500	≥18 year	400
Pregnancy	-	-	450	3000	-	480
Lactation	-	-	550	3500	-	520

¹ Dietary Reference Intakes for choline from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) [8]; ² Dietary Reference Values for choline from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [9].