Table 4.

Studies reporting on dietary total choline intake in healthy adults.

Country	Dietary Method	Total Choline Intake (mg/day) 1				Reference
		Men		Women
		n	Intake	n	Intake
Canada	FFQ	822	372 ± 287	2232	292 ± 213	[195]
China	FFQ	18,763	318 ± 92	37,432	289 ± 85	[56]
Finland 4	48HR ×2	585	450 (425) 2	710	344 (327) 2	[160]
France 4	DR ×7	936	370 (362) 2	1340	291 (283) 2	[160]
Greece	FFQ	1514	291 ± 79	1528	285 ± 75	[50]
Japan	FFQ	13,355	445–513 3	15,724	388–442 3	[199]
Italy 4	DR ×3	1068	357 (341) 2	1245	293 (282) 2	[160]
Ireland 4	DR ×4	634	461 (443) 2	640	318 (314) 2	[160]
Mexico	FFQ	-	-	1027	263 ± 105	[196]
New Zealand	WFR ×3	-	-	125	316 ± 65	[200]
Sweden 4	DR ×4	623	468 (442) 2	807	374 (356) 2	[160]
Taiwan	FFQ	321	284 ± 145	227	230 ± 120	[197]
The Netherlands 4	24HR ×2	1023	448 (425) 2	1034	334 (317) 2	[160]
UK 4	DR ×4	560	407 (385) 2	706	294 (282) 2	[160]
US 4	24HR ×2	2563	421 (408) 2	2704	279 (271) 2	[194]

¹ Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise noted; ² mean (median); ³ interquartile range; ⁴ data were obtained from national representative surveys. Abbreviations: 24HR, 24-h recall; 48HR, 48-h recall; DR, dietary record; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; WFR, weighted food record. ×1–×7 = number of days collected.