Table 5.

Studies reporting on dietary choline intake in other age groups.

Age Group and Country	Dietary Method	Subgroup	Total Choline Intake (mg/day) 1		Reference
			n	Intake
Toddlers (1–3 year)
Canada	DR ×3	1 year	110	174 ± 56	[74]
Finland 5	DR ×3	1–3 year	500	176 (172) 2,4	[160]
US 5	24HR ×2	2–3 year	1316	224 (217) 2	[194]
Children (4–9 year)
Canada	FFQ	6 year	193	302 ± 100	[213]
Germany 5	DR ×3	6–10 year	835	288 (276) 2,4	[160]
Romania	DR ×3	4–6 year	71	215 ± 32	[214]
US 5	24HR ×2	4–8 year	2774	243 (235) 2	[194]
Adolescents (10–18 year)
Bangladesh	FFQ	Boys and girls	47	128 ± 3.2 3	[215]
The Netherlands	24HR ×2	10–18 year, boys	566	353 (338) 2	[160]
		10–18 year, girls	576	291 (279) 2
US 5	24HR ×2	14–18 year, boys	1207	295 (288) 2	[194]
		14–18 year, girls	1147	244 (237) 2
Pregnancy
Bangladesh	24HR ×1	T3	103	190 ± 98	[216]
Belgium	FFQ	T2	85	268 ± 7.4 3	[210]
Canada	FFQ	T3	290	302 ± 122	[208]
Jamaica	FFQ	T1	16	279 ± 116	[217]
Latvia	24HR ×2	T1–T3	990	356 (330) 2	[160]
US 5	24HR ×2	T1–T3	593	319 (309) 2	[194]
Lactation
Belgium	FFQ	6 mpp	60	268 ± 7.8 3	[210]
Canada	24HR ×1	3 mpp	488	346 ± 151	[206]
US	DR ×3	1.5 mpp	98	356 ± 109 4	[72]
Elderly (> 65 year)
Italy 5	DR ×3	Men	69	335 (320) 2	[160]
		Women	159	269 (269) 2
Poland	FFQ	Women	122	392 ± 26 3	[209]
US 5	24HR ×2	Men	1099	363 (351) 2	[194]
		Women	1145	266 (259) 2

¹ Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise noted; ² mean (median); ³ mean ± SE; ⁴ mean data are presented; ⁵ data were obtained from national representative surveys. Abbreviations: 24HR, 24-h recall; DR, dietary record; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; mpp, months postpartum; T1, first trimester; T2, second trimester; T3, third trimester. ×1–×3 = number of days collected.