Table 2.
Intervention studies assessing the effects of chronic intake of diets with different GI on appetite/satiety 1.
| Study | Sample | Design | Duration | Intervention | Treatment Effects (Low vs. High GI) | Greater Fiber (Low GI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pal et al. [18] |
21 overweight/obese adults Age: 25–65 years |
R; X | 21 days | LGI breakfast replacement HGI breakfast replacement |
↓ Glucose ↔ TG, insulin, LDL-C, HDL-C ↑ Satiety (subj) |
Yes for breakfast replacement No for overall diet (self-reported) |
| Chang et al. [19] |
80 overweight/obese adults 18–45 years 27.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2 |
R; X | 4 weeks | LGL diet HGL diet |
↑ Satiety (subj) ↓ Food cravings ↔ Leptin |
Yes |
| Brownley et al. [20] |
40 women 20 normal weight, 20 obese ≥18 years |
R; X | 4.5 days 3h PP Responses to last std meal assessed |
LGL diet HGL diet |
↓ Glucose, insulin ↑ Ghrelin ↔ Desire to eat (subj) Significant results only in White women |
NR |
| Krog-Mikkelsen et al. [21] |
29 overweight women 31 ± 7 years 27.6 ± 1.5 kg/m2 |
R; = | 10 weeks 4 h PP Responses to last high or low GI breakfast assessed |
LGI diet HGI diet |
↓ Glucose, insulin, GLP-1 ↑ Fullness (subj) ↓ Desire to eat fatty food(sub) ↔ GLP-2, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin ↔ Ad libitum energy intake ↔ Substrate oxidation rates |
No |
| Aston et al. [22] |
19 women 34–65 years 25–47 kg/m2 |
R; X | 12-week/phase No washout |
LGI staples HGI staples Ad libitum |
↔ Body wt, body composition, waist circumference ↔ Hunger, fullness (both subj) ↔ Energy intake |
Yes |
| Das et al. [23] |
34 overweight adults 24–42 years 25–30 kg/m2 |
R; = | 12 months | LGL diet HGL diet 30% energy restriction |
↔ Body wt, % Body fat ↔ Hunger, satiety (both subj) |
No |
| Juanola-Falgarona et al. [24] |
122 overweight or obese adults 30–60 years 27–35 kg/m2 |
R; = | 6 months | LGI HGI HGI-LFat 500 kcal energy restriction |
↔ BMI ↔ Hunger, satiety (both subj) |
No |
1 Abbreviations: GI: glycemic index; GLP: glucagon-like peptide; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFat: high fat; HGI: high GI; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LGI: low GI; NR: not reported; PP: postprandial; R: randomized; subj: subjective measure; TG: triglycerides; X: crossover design; =: parallel design; ↓: lower; ↑: higher; ↔: no difference.