Table 7.
Intervention studies with assessing the effects of diets with different GI on markers of glucose homeostasis 1.
| Study | Sample | Design | Duration | Intervention | Treatment Effects (Low vs. High GI) | Greater Fiber (Low GI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botero et al. [62] |
12 overweight and obese males 18–35 years 27–45 kg/m2 |
R; X | 10 days/phase | LGL HGL |
↓ Glucose, insulin | No |
| Pal et al. [18] |
21 overweight and obese adults 25–65 years |
R; X | 21 days/phase | LGI breakfast replacement HGI breakfast replacement |
↓ Glucose ↔ Insulin, HOMA |
Yes |
| Sacks et al. [63] |
163 overweight adults 53 ± 11 years 32 ± 6 kg/m2 |
R; X | 5 weeks/phase | HGI-HCHO HGI-LCHO LGI-HCHO LGI-LCHO |
↓ Glucose, insulin sensitivity (only with HCHO) | Yes |
| Shikany et al. [64] |
24 overweight and obese men 34.5 ± 8.1 years 27.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2 |
R; X | 4 weeks/phase | LGI/GL HGI/GL |
↔ Weight, BMI ↔ Glucose, insulin ↔ CRP, IL-6, TNF-a, TNF-RII, PAI-1, Fibrinogen ↑ Total-C, LDL-C, HDL-C |
No |
| Runchey et al. [65] |
80 adults 29.6 ± 8.2 years 27.4 ± 5.9 kg/m2 |
R; X | 4 weeks/phase | LGL HGL |
↓ Glucose, IGF-1 ↔ Insulin, HOMA |
Yes |
| Buscemi et al. [38] |
40 obese adults 20–60 years 25–49.9 kg/m2 |
R; = | 3 months | LGI diet, hypocaloric HGI diet, hypocaloric |
↔ Weight loss, WC, BMI ↔ HbA1c, Glucose, HOMA |
No |
| Jenkins et al. [66] |
210 adults w/T2D HbA1c 6.5–8.0% |
R; = | 6 months | LGI diet High-cereal fiber diet |
↓ HbA1c ↓ Glucose |
Yes |
| Juanola-Falgarona et al. [24] |
122 overweight or obese adults 30–60 years 27–35 kg/m2 |
R; = | 6 months | LGI HGI HGI-LFat 500 kcal energy restriction |
↔ Weight loss, WC, BMI ↔ Hunger, satiety (both subj) ↔ Glucose |
No |
| Wolever et al. [67,68] |
162 adults w/T2D HbA1c ≤ 130% of ULN 20–40 kg/m2 |
R; = | 12 months | HCHO/HGI HCHO/LGI LCHO/HMUFA |
↔ HbA1c, HOMA, insulinogenic index, muscle insulin sensitivity ↔ Weight loss |
Yes |
| Pereira et al. [69] |
19 healthy adults 22–38 years 27–35 kg/m2 |
R; = | 45 days | LGI HGI |
↔ Glucose, insulin, leptin (including AUCs) ↓ HOMA vs. baseline ↓ WC, W/H, body fat % |
NR |
| Gomes et al. [70] |
20 adults w/T2D 42.4 ± 5.1 years 29.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2 |
R; = | 30 days | LGI HGI |
↔ Glucose, adiponectin, CRP, total-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG ↑ fructosamine ↓ body weight |
1 Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; GI: glycemic index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HCHO: high carbohydrate; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGI: high GI; HGL: high glycemic load; HMUFA: high monounsaturated fatty acids; HOMA: homeostasis assessment model for insulin resistance; IL: interleukin; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; LCHO: low carbohydrate; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LFat: low fat; LGI: low GI; LGL: low glycemic load; NR: not reported; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; R: randomized; subj: subjective measure; T2D: type 2 diabetes; Total-C: total cholesterol; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; ULN: upper limits for normal; WC: waist circumference; W/H: waist to hip ratio; X: crossover design; =: parallel design; ↑: higher; ↓ lower; ↔ no difference.