Figure 2.

Systemic effects of lipokines produced by de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes. When de novo lipogenesis is increased in adipocytes by means of increasing glucose uptake, decreasing lipid chaperones, or others, some bioactive fatty acids such as palmitoleate and fatty acid ester of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFAs) are produced. As a product of SCD1 in adipocytes, palmitoleate functions to improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver, promote pancreatic β-cell proliferation, and inhibit lipid synthesis in the liver. Although it is unclear how FAHFAs are synthesized in adipocytes, these lipids have a function to stimulate adipocyte glucose uptake, intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and β-cell insulin secretion, and reduce inflammation in adipose tissues. The metabolically beneficial effects of palmitoleate and FAHFAs are probably through G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). In addition, FASN may produce some unknown lipid products in white adipocytes that function to inhibit white fat browning through neuronal circuit regulation. WAT—white adipose tissues.