Figure 3.

(A) The chemical structure and chemical characteristics of β-carotene. β-carotene is a carotenoid found in many naturally occurring fat-soluble yellow, orange, red, and green leafy pigments synthesized in fruits and vegetable [62,63,64]. (B) The chemical structure and chemical characteristics of astaxanthin. It is a keto-carotenoid, which is similar in chemical structure to β-carotene and it is found in plants, animals, and algae [67,68,69]. (C) The chemical structure and chemical characteristics of coenzyme Q₁₀. It is a novel quinone in the lipid extracts of mitochondria and participates in the electron transport chain [70,71].