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. 2018 Oct 8;19(10):3073. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103073

Figure 1.

Figure 1

General overview of the factors affecting soil acidification, subsequent Al toxicity, and impacts in plants. (a) Natural and anthropogenic sources for occurring soil acidification. (b) Impact of cation saturation ratio in soil that led to increased exchangeable Al3+, and reduce acquisition of mineral nutrients. (c) Consequence of Al toxicity in roots, and thereby (d) impact of Al toxicity in shoots.