Table 2.
Change between Assessments 1–2 | Change between Assessments 1–3 | Change between Assessments 1–4 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | FM | FFM | Weight | Ketosis | BMI | FM | FFM | Weight | Ketosis | BMI | FM | FFM | Weight | Ketosis | |
Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ)-Trait | |||||||||||||||
Positive Reinforcement | 0.424 † | 0.380 † | 0.102 | 0.392 † | −0.157 | 0.463 † | 0.358 † | 0.391 † | 0.416 † | −0.136 | 0.326 † | 0.269 † | 0.371 † | 0.327 † | −0.122 |
Negative Reinforcement | 0.312 † | 0.144 | 0.545 † | 0.334 † | −0.178 | 0.459 † | 0.265† | 0.489 † | 0.365 † | −0.134 | 0.408 † | 0.388 † | 0.463 † | 0.456 † | −0.078 |
Intentions to Eat | 0.177 | 0.025 | 0.465 † | 0.201 | −0.455 † | 0.317 † | 0.324 † | 0.312 † | 0.371 † | −0.293 † | 0.266 † | 0.315 † | 0.278 † | 0.348 † | −0.030 |
Cue-Dependent Eating | 0.078 | −0.085 | 0.297 † | 0.031 | −0.195 | 0.211 | −0.005 | 0.178 | 0.044 | −0.347 † | 0.329 † | 0.107 | 0.206 | 0.147 | −0.253 † |
Thoughts-Preoccupations with Food | 0.271 † | 0.108 | 0.234 | 0.186 | −0.056 | 0.337 † | 0.229 | 0.290 † | 0.278 † | −0.052 | 0.331 † | 0.206 | 0.512 † | 0.317 † | −0.027 |
Feelings of Hunger | 0.212 | 0.110 | 0.353 † | 0.235 | −0.303 † | 0.214 | 0.214 | 0.245 † | 0.258 † | −0.141 | 0.206 | 0.230 | 0.250 † | 0.268 † | −0.007 |
Lack of Control | 0.294 † | −0.007 | 0.645 † | 0.244 † | −0.149 | 0.485 † | 0.342 † | 0.393 † | 0.410 † | −0.156 | 0.546 † | 0.448 † | 0.518 † | 0.524 † | −0.199 |
Negative Affect | 0.284 † | −0.016 | 0.483 † | 0.166 | −0.129 | 0.505 † | 0.290 † | 0.473 † | 0.386 † | −0.195 | 0.352 † | 0.207 | 0.281 † | 0.251 † | −0.031 |
Guilty Feelings | 0.131 | −0.001 | 0.111 | 0.029 | −0.173 | 0.325 † | 0.179 | −0.070 | 0.130 | −0.340 † | 0.393 † | 0.243 † | 0.159 | 0.246 † | −0.256 † |
Total Trait Score | 0.309 † | 0.093 | 0.443† | 0.252 † | −0.229 | 0.466 † | 0.309 † | 0.376 † | 0.373 † | −0.229 | 0.464 † | 0.353 † | 0.458 † | 0.426 † | −0.148 |
Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ)-State | |||||||||||||||
Intense Desire to Eat | 0.003 | 0.007 | −0.299 † | −0.105 | 0.077 | 0.185 | 0.126 | −0.168 | 0.057 | −0.561 † | 0.236 | 0.152 | 0.288 † | 0.210 | −0.543 † |
Anticipation Positive Reinforcement | 0.331 † | 0.214 | 0.285 † | 0.303 † | −0.023 | 0.197 | 0.114 | 0.207 | 0.158 | −0.365 † | 0.424 † | 0.380 † | 0.410 † | 0.434 † | −0.467 † |
Anticipation Relief from Negative States | 0.196 | 0.145 | 0.362 † | 0.266 † | −0.287 † | 0.267 † | 0.234 | 0.212 | 0.262 † | −0.294 † | 0.275 † | 0.285 † | 0.233 | 0.305 † | −0.143 |
Preoccupation with Food-Lack Control | 0.160 | 0.011 | 0.391 † | 0.154 | −0.415 † | 0.381 † | 0.241 † | 0.408 † | 0.323 † | −0.260 † | 0.387 † | 0.314 † | 0.431 † | 0.388 † | −0.049 |
Craving as Physiological State | −0.376 † | −0.195 | −0.368 † | −0.325 † | −0.113 | −0.134 | −0.021 | −0.313 † | −0.111 | −0.542 † | −0.055 | −0.031 | −0.009 | −0.030 | −0.083 |
Total State Score | 0.117 | 0.071 | 0.114 | 0.104 | −0.208 | 0.209 | 0.165 | 0.063 | 0.158 | −0.514 † | 0.349 † | 0.307 † | 0.366 † | 0.361 † | −0.353 † |
Food Craving Inventory (FCI, SP) | |||||||||||||||
Simple Sugars/Trans Fats | −0.327 † | −0.487 † | 0.155 | −0.391 † | −0.454 † | −0.377 † | −0.556 † | 0.174 | −0.446 † | −0.227 | −0.171 | −0.371 † | 0.136 | −0.278 † | −0.121 |
Complex Carbohydrates/Proteins | −0.079 | −0.203 | 0.092 | −0.160 | −0.420 † | −0.228 | −0.346 † | 0.364 † | −0.207 | −0.075 | −0.178 | −0.306 † | 0.317 † | −0.175 | −0.084 |
Saturated Fat/High Calorie Content | 0.418 † | 0.198 | 0.310 † | 0.281 † | −0.239 | 0.190 | −0.024 | 0.520 † | 0.121 | −0.063 | 0.062 | −0.084 | 0.326 † | 0.017 | 0.230 |
Multidimentsional Alcohol Craving Scale (MACS) | |||||||||||||||
Desire | −0.058 | −0.015 | 0.293 † | 0.097 | −0.273 † | 0.135 | 0.111 | 0.284 † | 0.172 | 0.101 | 0.253 † | 0.240 | 0.285 † | 0.280 † | 0.191 |
Lack of Inhibition | 0.138 | 0.271 † | −0.104 | 0.210 | 0.338 † | 0.111 | 0.188 | 0.041 | 0.178 | 0.029 | 0.154 | 0.145 | 0.158 | 0.163 | 0.124 |
Total Score | 0.039 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.225 | −0.019 | 0.204 | 0.231 | 0.305 † | 0.284 † | 0.118 | 0.302 † | 0.285 † | 0.332 † | 0.330 † | 0.232 |
Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite | |||||||||||||||
Physical | 0.311 † | 0.327 † | 0.229 | 0.384 † | 0.354 † | 0.319 † | 0.426 † | 0.303 † | 0.461 † | 0.422 † | 0.414 † | 0.478 † | 0.360 † | 0.502 † | 0.274 † |
Sexual Life | −0.072 | −0.177 | 0.211 | −0.078 | −0.133 | 0.159 | −0.061 | 0.580 † | 0.110 | −0.038 | 0.379 † | 0.215 | 0.525 † | 0.325 † | 0.039 |
Self-Steam | −0.201 | −0.214 | −0.077 | −0.224 | 0.122 | −0.155 | −0.266 † | −0.003 | −0.233 | −0.083 | 0.062 | −0.108 | 0.181 | −0.045 | 0.044 |
Social Anxiety | 0.215 | 0.086 | 0.235 | 0.168 | 0.137 | 0.603 † | 0.347 † | 0.666 † | 0.488 † | −0.327 † | 0.640 † | 0.405 † | 0.740 † | 0.540 † | 0.209 |
Work Area | 0.295 † | 0.068 | 0.417 † | 0.205 | 0.447 † | 0.197 | 0.130 | 0.217 | 0.177 | −0.143 | 0.458 † | 0.313 † | 0.449 † | 0.386 † | 0.042 |
Total Score | 0.147 | 0.086 | 0.231 | 0.165 | 0.313 † | 0.330 † | 0.217 | 0.520 † | 0.338 † | 0.118 | 0.488 † | 0.351 † | 0.556 † | 0.446 † | 0.188 |
EPWORTH Daily Sleep; Total Score | 0.274 † | 0.350† | 0.235 | 0.401 † | −0.033 | 0.313 † | 0.406 † | 0.123 | 0.392 † | −0.379 † | 0.431 † | 0.595 † | 0.122 | 0.542 † | −0.385 † |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Total Score | 0.362 † | 0.066 | 0.543 † | 0.252 † | 0.037 | 0.489 † | 0.240 | 0.536 † | 0.354 † | −0.049 | 0.456 † | 0.236 | 0.504 † | 0.332 † | 0.434 † |
Physical Activity; IPQA | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.002 | 0.095 | 0.493 † | −0.163 | −0.115 | −0.189 | −0.156 | 0.379 † | −0.029 | 0.003 | −0.167 | −0.043 | 0.284 † |
Walking (meters/week) | 0.118 | 0.072 | 0.115 | 0.111 | 0.132 | −0.380 † | −0.059 | −0.637 † | −0.239 † | 0.096 | 0.273 † | 0.459 † | −0.019 | 0.381 † | −0.062 |
Moderate Activity (min-week) | −0.224 | −0.093 | −0.328 † | −0.206 | −0.213 | 0.350 † | 0.342 † | −0.059 | 0.295 † | −0.100 | −0.113 | −0.329 † | 0.231 | −0.211 | 0.025 |
Vigorous Activity (min-week) | |||||||||||||||
Sexual Activity (women, n = 12) | 0.602 † | 0.644 † | 0.409 † | 0.578 † | 0.256 † | −0.159 | 0.101 | −0.544 † | −0.128 | −0.453 † | 0.808 † | 0.842 † | 0.774 † | 0.869 † | 0.276 † |
Desire | 0.662 † | 0.752 † | 0.251 † | 0.579 † | 0.790 † | 0.492 † | 0.593 † | 0.001 | 0.452 † | −0.031 | 0.594 † | 0.580 † | 0.728 † | 0.660 † | 0.153 |
Excitation | 0.140 | 0.284 † | −0.206 | 0.082 | 0.628 † | 0.152 | 0.173 | 0.015 | 0.137 | 0.518 † | −0.246 † | −0.102 | −0.371 † | −0.199 | 0.413 † |
Lubrication | −0.129 | −0.073 | −0.018 | −0.062 | −0.296 † | 0.640 † | 0.747 † | 0.292 † | 0.684 † | −0.114 | −0.527 † | −0.363 † | −0.721 † | −0.505 † | −0.378 † |
Orgasmic | 0.767 † | 0.679 † | 0.726 † | 0.747 † | 0.537 † | 0.691 † | 0.466 † | 0.801 † | 0.660 † | 0.448 † | 0.692 † | 0.593 † | 0.664 † | 0.653 † | 0.609 † |
Penetration | 0.537 † | 0.575 † | 0.193 | 0.446 † | 0.661 † | 0.625 † | 0.477 † | 0.492 † | 0.557 † | 0.093 | 0.662 † | 0.574 † | 0.459 † | 0.570† | 0.320 † |
Previous Anxiety | |||||||||||||||
Sexual activity (men, n = 8) | 0.549 † | 0.406 † | 0.071 | 0.512 † | 0.093 | 0.383 † | 0.362 † | −0.734 † | 0.252 † | −0.236 | 0.380 † | 0.368† | 0.088 | 0.351 † | 0.142 |
Overall Sexual Functioning | −0.129 | −0.299 † | 0.831 † | 0.006 | −0.083 | 0.119 | 0.123 | 0.868 † | 0.255 † | 0.283 † | 0.072 | 0.194 | −0.096 | 0.181 | 0.212 |
Sexual Function Distress | 0.573 † | 0.593 † | −0.682 † | 0.412 † | 0.263 † | 0.027 | 0.037 | −0.900 † | −0.099 | −0.198 | 0.010 | −0.110 | 0.194 | −0.091 | −0.119 |
Change Sexual Functioning | −0.054 | −0.176 | 0.815† | 0.136 | −0.389 † | 0.119 | 0.123 | 0.868 † | 0.255 † | 0.283 † | −0.249 † | −0.226 | −0.322 † | −0.237 | 0.656 † |
Masturbation | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.002 | 0.095 | 0.493 † | −0.163 | −0.115 | −0.189 | −0.156 | 0.379 † | −0.029 | 0.003 | −0.167 | −0.043 | 0.284 † |
Note.† Bold: effect size into the moderate (|r| > 0.24) to good range (|r| > 0.30). 1. Baseline, 2. Maximum ketosis, 3. Reduced ketosis, 4. Endpoint.