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. 2018 Sep 21;10(10):1348. doi: 10.3390/nu10101348

Table 2.

Association between the physical and psychological changes: Pearson’s correlations (n = 20).

Change between Assessments 1–2 Change between Assessments 1–3 Change between Assessments 1–4
BMI FM FFM Weight Ketosis BMI FM FFM Weight Ketosis BMI FM FFM Weight Ketosis
Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ)-Trait
Positive Reinforcement 0.424 0.380 0.102 0.392 −0.157 0.463 0.358 0.391 0.416 −0.136 0.326 0.269 0.371 0.327 −0.122
Negative Reinforcement 0.312 0.144 0.545 0.334 −0.178 0.459 0.265 0.489 0.365 −0.134 0.408 0.388 0.463 0.456 −0.078
Intentions to Eat 0.177 0.025 0.465 0.201 −0.455 0.317 0.324 0.312 0.371 −0.293 0.266 0.315 0.278 0.348 −0.030
Cue-Dependent Eating 0.078 −0.085 0.297 0.031 −0.195 0.211 −0.005 0.178 0.044 −0.347 0.329 0.107 0.206 0.147 −0.253
Thoughts-Preoccupations with Food 0.271 0.108 0.234 0.186 −0.056 0.337 0.229 0.290 0.278 −0.052 0.331 0.206 0.512 0.317 −0.027
Feelings of Hunger 0.212 0.110 0.353 0.235 −0.303 0.214 0.214 0.245 0.258 −0.141 0.206 0.230 0.250 0.268 −0.007
Lack of Control 0.294 −0.007 0.645 0.244 −0.149 0.485 0.342 0.393 0.410 −0.156 0.546 0.448 0.518 0.524 −0.199
Negative Affect 0.284 −0.016 0.483 0.166 −0.129 0.505 0.290 0.473 0.386 −0.195 0.352 0.207 0.281 0.251 −0.031
Guilty Feelings 0.131 −0.001 0.111 0.029 −0.173 0.325 0.179 −0.070 0.130 −0.340 0.393 0.243 0.159 0.246 −0.256
Total Trait Score 0.309 0.093 0.443 0.252 −0.229 0.466 0.309 0.376 0.373 −0.229 0.464 0.353 0.458 0.426 −0.148
Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ)-State
Intense Desire to Eat 0.003 0.007 −0.299 −0.105 0.077 0.185 0.126 −0.168 0.057 −0.561 0.236 0.152 0.288 0.210 −0.543
Anticipation Positive Reinforcement 0.331 0.214 0.285 0.303 −0.023 0.197 0.114 0.207 0.158 −0.365 0.424 0.380 0.410 0.434 −0.467
Anticipation Relief from Negative States 0.196 0.145 0.362 0.266 −0.287 0.267 0.234 0.212 0.262 −0.294 0.275 0.285 0.233 0.305 −0.143
Preoccupation with Food-Lack Control 0.160 0.011 0.391 0.154 −0.415 0.381 0.241 0.408 0.323 −0.260 0.387 0.314 0.431 0.388 −0.049
Craving as Physiological State −0.376 −0.195 −0.368 −0.325 −0.113 −0.134 −0.021 −0.313 −0.111 −0.542 −0.055 −0.031 −0.009 −0.030 −0.083
Total State Score 0.117 0.071 0.114 0.104 −0.208 0.209 0.165 0.063 0.158 −0.514 0.349 0.307 0.366 0.361 −0.353
Food Craving Inventory (FCI, SP)
Simple Sugars/Trans Fats −0.327 −0.487 0.155 −0.391 −0.454 −0.377 −0.556 0.174 −0.446 −0.227 −0.171 −0.371 0.136 −0.278 −0.121
Complex Carbohydrates/Proteins −0.079 −0.203 0.092 −0.160 −0.420 −0.228 −0.346 0.364 −0.207 −0.075 −0.178 −0.306 0.317 −0.175 −0.084
Saturated Fat/High Calorie Content 0.418 0.198 0.310 0.281 −0.239 0.190 −0.024 0.520 0.121 −0.063 0.062 −0.084 0.326 0.017 0.230
Multidimentsional Alcohol Craving Scale (MACS)
Desire −0.058 −0.015 0.293 0.097 −0.273 0.135 0.111 0.284 0.172 0.101 0.253 0.240 0.285 0.280 0.191
Lack of Inhibition 0.138 0.271 −0.104 0.210 0.338 0.111 0.188 0.041 0.178 0.029 0.154 0.145 0.158 0.163 0.124
Total Score 0.039 0.166 0.192 0.225 −0.019 0.204 0.231 0.305 0.284 0.118 0.302 0.285 0.332 0.330 0.232
Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite
Physical 0.311 0.327 0.229 0.384 0.354 0.319 0.426 0.303 0.461 0.422 0.414 0.478 0.360 0.502 0.274
Sexual Life −0.072 −0.177 0.211 −0.078 −0.133 0.159 −0.061 0.580 0.110 −0.038 0.379 0.215 0.525 0.325 0.039
Self-Steam −0.201 −0.214 −0.077 −0.224 0.122 −0.155 −0.266 −0.003 −0.233 −0.083 0.062 −0.108 0.181 −0.045 0.044
Social Anxiety 0.215 0.086 0.235 0.168 0.137 0.603 0.347 0.666 0.488 −0.327 0.640 0.405 0.740 0.540 0.209
Work Area 0.295 0.068 0.417 0.205 0.447 0.197 0.130 0.217 0.177 −0.143 0.458 0.313 0.449 0.386 0.042
Total Score 0.147 0.086 0.231 0.165 0.313 0.330 0.217 0.520 0.338 0.118 0.488 0.351 0.556 0.446 0.188
EPWORTH Daily Sleep; Total Score 0.274 0.350 0.235 0.401 −0.033 0.313 0.406 0.123 0.392 −0.379 0.431 0.595 0.122 0.542 −0.385
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Total Score 0.362 0.066 0.543 0.252 0.037 0.489 0.240 0.536 0.354 −0.049 0.456 0.236 0.504 0.332 0.434
Physical Activity; IPQA 0.076 0.102 0.002 0.095 0.493 −0.163 −0.115 −0.189 −0.156 0.379 −0.029 0.003 −0.167 −0.043 0.284
Walking (meters/week) 0.118 0.072 0.115 0.111 0.132 −0.380 −0.059 −0.637 −0.239 0.096 0.273 0.459 −0.019 0.381 −0.062
Moderate Activity (min-week) −0.224 −0.093 −0.328 −0.206 −0.213 0.350 0.342 −0.059 0.295 −0.100 −0.113 −0.329 0.231 −0.211 0.025
Vigorous Activity (min-week)
Sexual Activity (women, n = 12) 0.602 0.644 0.409 0.578 0.256 −0.159 0.101 −0.544 −0.128 −0.453 0.808 0.842 0.774 0.869 0.276
Desire 0.662 0.752 0.251 0.579 0.790 0.492 0.593 0.001 0.452 −0.031 0.594 0.580 0.728 0.660 0.153
Excitation 0.140 0.284 −0.206 0.082 0.628 0.152 0.173 0.015 0.137 0.518 −0.246 −0.102 −0.371 −0.199 0.413
Lubrication −0.129 −0.073 −0.018 −0.062 −0.296 0.640 0.747 0.292 0.684 −0.114 −0.527 −0.363 −0.721 −0.505 −0.378
Orgasmic 0.767 0.679 0.726 0.747 0.537 0.691 0.466 0.801 0.660 0.448 0.692 0.593 0.664 0.653 0.609
Penetration 0.537 0.575 0.193 0.446 0.661 0.625 0.477 0.492 0.557 0.093 0.662 0.574 0.459 0.570 0.320
Previous Anxiety
Sexual activity (men, n = 8) 0.549 0.406 0.071 0.512 0.093 0.383 0.362 −0.734 0.252 −0.236 0.380 0.368 0.088 0.351 0.142
Overall Sexual Functioning −0.129 −0.299 0.831 0.006 −0.083 0.119 0.123 0.868 0.255 0.283 0.072 0.194 −0.096 0.181 0.212
Sexual Function Distress 0.573 0.593 −0.682 0.412 0.263 0.027 0.037 −0.900 −0.099 −0.198 0.010 −0.110 0.194 −0.091 −0.119
Change Sexual Functioning −0.054 −0.176 0.815 0.136 −0.389 0.119 0.123 0.868 0.255 0.283 −0.249 −0.226 −0.322 −0.237 0.656
Masturbation 0.076 0.102 0.002 0.095 0.493 −0.163 −0.115 −0.189 −0.156 0.379 −0.029 0.003 −0.167 −0.043 0.284

Note. Bold: effect size into the moderate (|r| > 0.24) to good range (|r| > 0.30). 1. Baseline, 2. Maximum ketosis, 3. Reduced ketosis, 4. Endpoint.