Table 2.
Micronutrient and anthropometric indicators of preschool children and non-pregnant women of reproductive age, Azerbaijan 2013.
| Characteristic | Preschool Children a | Non-Pregnant Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Children Tested | %/Mean/Median b | (95%CI) c | Number of Women Tested | %/Mean/Median b | (95%CI) c | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L), mean | 1111 | 116.3 | (115.3, 117.3) | 2704 | 121.7 | (120.8, 122.6) |
| Anemia, % d | 1111 | 24.8 | (21.6, 28.2) | 2704 | 38.2 | (35.7; 40.8) |
| Iron status e,f | ||||||
| Ferritin, (µg/L), unweighted median | 1075 | 27.4 | (26.0, 28.9) | 2649 | 25.0 | (23.3, 26.3) |
| Iron deficiency, % | 1075 | 14.9 | (12.4, 17.7) | 2647 | 34.2 | (31.7; 36.7) |
| Iron deficiency anemia, % | 1099 | 6.7 | (5.2, 8.6) | 2645 | 23.8 | (21.8; 26.1) |
| Vitamin A status e,g | ||||||
| RBP, (µmol/L), mean | 1075 | 1.06 | (1.04, 1.09) | 2647 | 1.48 | (1.45, 1.50) |
| Vitamin A deficiency, % | 1075 | 7.8 | (5.7; 10.7) | -- | -- | -- |
| Vitamin A insufficiency, % | -- | -- | -- | 2647 | 10.5 | (9.0, 12.1) |
| Zinc status | ||||||
| Plasma zinc (µg/dL), mean | 1046 | 70.9 | (69.8, 72.0) | -- | -- | -- |
| Zinc deficiency, % h | 1046 | 11.0 | (9.0, 13.4) | -- | -- | -- |
| Folate status | ||||||
| Plasma folate (ηmol/L), mean | -- | -- | -- | 2582 | 11.7 | (11.4, 12.0) |
| Folate deficiency, % | -- | -- | -- | 2582 | 35.1 | (31.5; 38.9) |
| Vitamin B12 status | ||||||
| Plasma B12 (pmol/L), mean | -- | -- | -- | 1335 | 273.7 | (259.6, 287.8) |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency, % | -- | -- | -- | 1335 | 19.6 | (16.0; 23.9) |
| Inflammation | ||||||
| No inflammation, % | 1080 | 68.1 | (64.4; 71.6) | 2647 | 64.1 | (61.6; 66.6) |
| Elevated CRP only, % | 1080 | 1.0 | (0.6; 2.0) | 2647 | 3.1 | (2.3; 4.2) |
| Elevated CRP and AGP, % | 1080 | 7.0 | (5.3; 9.2) | 2647 | 10.2 | (8.7; 11.9) |
| Elevated AGP only, % | 1080 | 23.8 | (20.7; 27.3) | 2647 | 22.6 | (20.4; 25.0) |
| Anthropometric categories in children | ||||||
| HAZ, mean | 1455 | −0.70 | (−0.86, −0.52) | -- | -- | -- |
| Stunting (≤−2 Z-scores), % | 1455 | 18.0 | (15.2, 21.3) | -- | -- | -- |
| WHZ, mean | 1445 | 0.70 | (0.61, 0.79) | -- | -- | -- |
| Any wasting (≤−2 Z-scores), % | 1455 | 3.1 | (2.2, 4.4) | -- | -- | -- |
| Severe wasting, % i,j | 1455 | 1.1 | (0.7, 1.8) | -- | -- | -- |
| Moderate wasting, % i,j | 1455 | 2.0 | (1.2, 3.1) | -- | -- | -- |
| Normal, % i,j | 1455 | 82.8 | (80.0, 85.3) | -- | -- | -- |
| Overweight, % i,j | 123 | 8.2 | (6.4, 10.4) | -- | -- | -- |
| Obese, % i,j | 84 | 5.9 | (4.6, 7.5) | -- | -- | -- |
| Anthropometric categories in non-pregnant women | ||||||
| BMI, mean | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 26.3 | (26.0, 26.6) |
| Severe energy deficiency,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.5) |
| Moderate energy deficiency,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 0.8 | (0.5, 1.4) |
| At-risk of energy deficiency,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 3.9 | (3.1, 4.9) |
| Normal,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 41.9 | (39.4, 44.4) |
| Overweight,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 29.0 | (27.0, 31.0) |
| Obese,% | -- | -- | -- | 2823 | 24.2 | (22.1, 26.4) |
Note: The n’s are un-weighted denominators for each subgroup; subgroups that do not sum to the total have missing data. a Anthropometry indicators collected from children aged 0–59; blood biomarkers collected from children 6–59 months of age. b Percentages weighted for unequal probability of selection. c CI = confidence interval, calculated taking into account the complex sampling design. d Anemia defined in children and women defined as Hb < 110 g/L and Hb < 120 g/L, respectively. e Ferritin and RBP concentrations, and associated deficiency prevalences, corrected for inflammation according to Thurnham [14,16]. f Iron deficiency defined as serum ferritin <12 µg/L in children and <15 µg/L in women; iron deficiency anemia defined as low serum ferritin and low hemoglobin. g Vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A insufficiency defined as RBP < 0.7 µmol/L and RBP < 1.05 µmol/L, respectively. h Plasma zinc measured in non-fasting children; cut-offs to define zinc deficiency were 65 µg/L plasma zinc (blood sample taken in the morning) or 57 µg/L plasma zinc (blood sample taken in the afternoon). i For women: BMI < 16.0 severe chronic energy deficiency; 16.0–16.9 moderate chronic energy deficiency; 17.0–18.4 at-risk for energy deficiency; 18.5–24.9 normal; 25.0–29.9 overweight; ≥30.0 obese; j For children: severe wasting: WHZ < −3; moderate wasting: WHZ −3 to <−2; normal: WHZ −2 to +2; overweight: WHZ > +2 to +3; obese: WHZ > +3.