Table 1.

Summary table of the PTPIP51-related mechanisms of the various diseases and their implications on the role of PTPIP51 as a potential biomarker and targetable molecule.

Disease	PTPIP51-Related Mechanisms	Role of PTPIP51 as Diagnostic Biomarker	Targetable Molecule
Insulin Resistance	Transcriptional regulation of the IR via MAPK activation through the formation of the PTPIP51/14-3-3β/Raf-1 complex	expression of PTPIP51 negatively correlates with the grade of insulin sensitivity in mice	shifting PTPIP51 into MAPK signaling could enhance the transcription of IR and thus the insulin sensitivity
Breast Cancer	Sensitivity to EGFR/Her2 targeted TKIs depends on the formation of the Her2/c-Src/PTPIP51 complex	PTPIP51/PTP1B interaction positively correlates with the grading	Targeting the formation of the Her2/c-Src/PTPIP51 complex could overcome anti-EGFR/Her2 therapy resistances
Glioblastoma Multiforme	EGFR-targeted therapies are potentially bypassed via an enhanced interaction of c-Src and PTPIP51	PTPIP51 mRNA expression positively correlates with the grading of glioma	Targeting the PTPIP51/c-Src interaction could overcome anti-EGFR therapy resistances. Inhibition of the PTPIP51/14-3-3β interaction could unveil the TMD of PTPIP51 and promote the apoptosis-inducing functions of PTPIP51
Melanoma	Modulation of the serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of PTPIP51 via PKA and PTP1B induces a disease-stage-dependent alteration of the formation of the PTPIP51/14-3-3β/Raf-1 complex and thus the MAPK pathway activation	Phosphorylation and interaction profile of PTPIP51 is altered stage-dependently	Inhibition of PKA and PTP1B could reduce the interaction of PTPIP51 and BRAF and thus the MAPK stimulating effect of PTPIP51
Acute Myeloid Leukemia	Loss of the TMD of PTPIP51 inhibits the apoptosis-inducing functions of PTPIP51. Phosphorylation of PTPIP51 via Lyn and c-Kit prevents the PTPIP51-induced MAPK pathway activation	PTPIP51 is expressed in a disease-related isoform without TMD