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. 2018 Oct 19;19(10):3239. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103239

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential mechanisms of miRNA interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Proposed interactions are based on current understanding of other organisms (summarized from [72,73,77,78]. The left panel illustrates the transmembrane channel-mediated pathway in C. elegans. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binds to SID-2 (①) then SID-1 (②) to initiate endocytosis. The right panel illustrates microvesicle-mediated (top) and receptor-mediated (bottom) pathways. In the microvesicle-mediated pathway, exosomes-containing RNAs and components of RISC-like Ago are secreted by cells through ceramide-dependent secretory machinery. In addition, neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), a key regulatory enzyme in ceramide biosynthesis, regulates ceramide production and hence the amounts of secreted miRNA. In the receptor-mediated pathway present in Drosophila S2 cells, binding of dsRNA to two receptors, SR-CI and eater, results in the internalization via receptor-mediated endocytosis.