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. 2018 Oct 15;19(10):3179. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103179

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 1 — Synthesis of N⁹-substituted β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl esters (4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D). Reagents and conditions: (a) H⁺, HCHO, room temperature (r.t.); (b) SOCl₂, CH₃OH, reflux; (c) Pd/C, xylene, reflux; (d) DMF, NaH, r.t., R₁-Br.