. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 13.

Published in final edited form as: Small Methods. 2018 Feb 7;2(3):1700318. doi: 10.1002/smtd.201700318

Table 1.

Macrobioprinting strategies for large tissue regeneration.

Tissue	Printing technology	Bioink formulation	Scaffold size/ volume	Application			Ref.
Tissue	Printing technology	Bioink formulation	Scaffold size/ volume	In vitro	In vivo	Clinical study	Ref.
Cartilage/bone	Extrusion	PCL and MSC-laden alginate/GelMA	10 mm Ø × 6 mm h 471 mm³	✓	✓		[24]
Cartilage/bone	Extrusion	PCL, chondrocyte-laden alginate, and osteoblastladen alginate	270 × 130 × 100 mm 3.51 × 10⁶ mm³	✓			[25]
Cartilage/bone	Extrusion	PCL, MSC/TGF-β3-laden HA, and MSC/BMP-2-laden collagen	5 mm Ø × 5 mm h 98 mm³		✓		[26]
Cartilage/bone	Microvalve printing	MSC-laden GelMA-loaded with TGF-β1 or BMP-2	10 × 10 × 1 mm 100 mm³	✓			[27]
Cartilage/bone	Extrusion	PCL/PLGA loaded with TGF-β3 and/or CTGF	15 × 30 × 5 mm 2.25 × 10³ mm³	✓	✓		[28]
Cartilage/bone	Extrusion	MSC-laden PLA microcarriers in GelMA/gellan gum	16 mm Ø × 10 mm h 2.01 × 10³ mm³	✓			[29]
Bone	Extrusion	PCL and MG63-laden alginate	15 × 15 × 1.35 mm 304 mm³	✓			[30]
Cartilage/bone/muscle	Extrusion	Variable, PCL and cellladen gelatin/fibrinogen/HA	Variable, largest 30 × 30 × 15 mm 1.35 × 10³ mm³		✓		[31]
Bone/vasculature	Extrusion	MSCs/HUVECs in VEGFconjugated GelMA	30 mm thick pyramids 16.5 × 10³ mm³	✓			[36]
Bone/vasculature	Extrusion	GelMA/alginate with cells	8 × 9 × 2.5 mm 180 mm³	✓			[37]
Vasculature	Extrusion/SLA	MSCs/HUVECs in VEGFor BMP-2-conjugated GelMA and PLA	9 mm Ø × 4 mm h 254 mm³	✓			[38]
Vasculature	Extrusion	Cardiac progenitor cells and/or MSCs in human ECM with VEGF	8 mm Ø × 0.5 mm h 25 mm³	✓	✓		[39]
Skin	Laser-assisted bioprinting	Keratinocytes/fibroblasts in collagen and Matriderm	6 mm Ø × 1 mm h 28 mm³	✓	✓		[21]
Skin	Extrusion	Keratinocytes/fibroblasts in fibrin	100 × 100 × 1 mm 10⁴ mm³	✓	✓		[43]
Skin	Extrusion	Stem cells in fibrin/collagen	20 × 20 × 0.2 mm 80 mm³	✓	✓		[44]
Skin	Extrusion	hASCs in adipose tissuederived ECM and PCL	10 mm Ø × 5 mm h 393 mm³	✓	✓		[45]
CNS	Extrusion	Neural stem cells in PU nanoparticles	15 × 15 × 0.2 mm 45 mm³	✓	✓		[46]
CNS	Extrusion	Neurons in gellan gum	10 mm Ø × 5 mm h 393 mm³	✓			[47]
CNS	Extrusion	Schwann cells in fibrin/HA/PVA	14 × 5 × 2 mm 140 mm³	✓			[48]
CNS	Extrusion	Schwann cells/MSCs in agarose	2 mm Ø × 10 mm h a31 mm³	✓	✓		[49]