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Extent of NP exposure, translocation and use of advanced cell culture models in the testing for epithelial barriers and internal organs. Independent from the extent of exposure use of in vitro models for protective barriers (cornea, epidermis, oral cavity, vaginal epithelium) is low as good ex vivo systems are available. In vitro systems are used when particle exposure is high and robust ex vivo systems are missing (alveolar and intestinal epithelium).
