Table 3.

Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for nonrandomized studies of interventions (ACROBAT-NRSI)

Study	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants into the study	Bias in measurement of interventions	Bias due to departures from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported results
Angus et al24	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Moderate
Deprez et al36	Critical	Serious	Low	No information	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Foster et al25	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Moderate
Graves et al26	Critical	Low	Low	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Harris et al34	Critical	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Hopkinson et al27	Critical	Serious	Low	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Hull et al28	Critical	Moderate	Serious	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Lange et al30	Critical	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Lange et al31	Critical	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Roberts et al29	Critical	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Tøttenborg et al32	Critical	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Ulrik et al33	Critical	Serious	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate