Table 2.

Viral therapy for primary brain tumors

Name	Virus	Features	Advantages	Caveats	Trial, References
PVS-RIPO	Poliovirus	Oncolytic, CD155 is receptor for attachment, modified with rhinovirus IRES to prevent replication in anterior horn motor neurons	Induces IFN-response and activation of DCs and tumor Ag-specific effector T lymphocytes	Delivered surgically via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) Limited activity in immunocompetent persons	NCT01491893 (88)
DNX-2401	Adenovirus Delta-24-RGD	Oncolytic	20% OS at 36 mo, 12% CR in recurrent high-grade glioma	Direct intratumoral injection at time of resection or through surgically placed catheter.	NCT00805376 (89)
Toca-511	Replicating retroviral vector	Non-oncolytic, requires gene integration and cell division to produce cytosine deaminase	20% long-term OS (without tumor recurrence in survivors) May be administered intravenously	Requires oral administration of 5-FC for conversion to cytotoxic agent 5-FU	NCT02414165 (90)
INXN-2001	Adenovirus	Vector Ad-RTS-hIL-12 has IL-12 expression under control of an inducible promoter	Induced IFNgamma expression and increased CD8+ effector T lymphocytes	Requires oral compound (veledimex) to activate viral expression of IL-12	NCT02026271; NCT03330197 (91,92)
MV-NIS, MV-CEA	Measles virus	Oncolytic, CD46 is MV receptor, based on vaccine strain	Engineered to produce thyroidal sodium iodide symporter or CEA (carcino-embryonic antigen)	Administered directly intratumorally or via lumbar puncture	NCT02962167, NCT00390299 (93)