Table 1.

Trial comparisons.

Study	Regimen	Inclusion criteria; Any of the below	Local therapy	Number of patients who completed CTX and underwent local therapy	Median follow- up time (months)	Percent with recurrence^*
Neoadjuvant CTX

Clark et al, 2001; Cleveland Clinic¹	Estramustine + etoposide × 3 cycles (28 day cycles)	T2b-T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥15	RP	18	14	12

Hussain et al, 2003; Karmanos and Michigan¹²	Docetaxel + estramustine q21days for 3–6 cycles	T2b-T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥15	RP or RT	28	130	64

Ryan et al, 2004; Memorial Sloan Kettering³⁹	Vinblastine (6 weeks on, 2 weeks off) + estramustine × 2 neoadjuvant cycles, followed by concurrent vinblastine and estramustine with RT	GS ≥8 and PSA ≥10; GS ≥7 and PSA ≥20; T3 and PSA ≥20; T4; N1	RT	23	60	65

Febbo et al, 2005; Dana Farber³	Weekly docetaxel × 6 months	T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20	RP	19	26.5	63.2

Vuky et al, 2009; Virginia Mason Medical Center¹⁵	Docetaxel (3 weeks on 1 week off) and daily gefitinib × two months	T2b-T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20	RP	22	28	34

Ross et al, 2012; Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium¹⁶	Docetaxel × 6 (q21 days) with bevacizumab (q21 days) given with the first 5 cycles	T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20; PSA velocity >2 ng/mL/y	RP	37	N/A	49

Zhao et al, 2015; Cleveland Clinic⁶	Weekly docetaxel × 6 weeks	T2b-T3; GS≥8; PSA ≥15	RP	28	49.5	57

Bergstrom et al, 2017; Oregon/VA Portland/Washington⁸	Docetaxel (weekly) + mitoxantrone (3 out of 4 weeks) × 4 months	T2c-T3a; GS ≥4+3; PSA ≥15	RP	54	120	63

Neoadjuvant CTX + ADT

Pettaway et al, 2000; MD Anderson²⁰	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + alternating cycles (× 12 weeks) of ketoconazole + doxorubicin or vinblastine + estramustine	T3; GS 7 with PSA ≥10; T1-2 with GS ≥8	RP	33	13	31

Konety et al, 2004; Memorial Sloan Kettering¹⁸	LHRH agonist + 4–6 cycles of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and estramustine	≥T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20	RP	35	29	55

Prayer-Galetti et al, 2007; Italy²¹	LHRH agonist + docetaxel (q21 days) and estramustine × 4 cycles	≥T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥15	RP	18	53	58

Kelly et al, 2008; CALGB 99811⁴⁶	LHRH agonist + paclitaxel weekly, carboplatin monthly, and estramustine × 4 cycles	≥T3b; GS ≥7 and PSA >20	RT	27	38	70

Chi et al, 2008; Canadian multicenter¹⁷	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + docetaxel (6 weeks with 3 or on 2 weeks off) for 3 cycles	≥T3; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20; GS 7 with 3 or more positive cores; PSA ≥10 with 3 or more positive cores	RP	64	42.7	30

Sella et al, 2008; Israel²²	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + docetaxel (q21days) and estramustine × 4 cycles	≥T2c; GS ≥8; PSA ≥20	RP	22	23.6	45.4

Mellado et al, 2009; Spain⁴⁵	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + docetaxel (3 weeks on, 1 week off) × 3 cycles	T3; T1c-T2 with GS ≥4+3 or PSA >20	RP	51	35	41.2

Narita et al, 2012; Akita University, Japan¹⁹	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + docetaxel (weekly) and estramustine × 6 weeks	≥T3; GS ≥9; PSA ≥15	RP	18	18	16.7

Thalgott et al, 2014; Germany²³	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen	>40% 5-yr biochemical recurrence risk⁶²	RP	29	48.6	55.2

Fizazi, et al. 2015; GETUG 12⁴⁷	LHRH agonist alone LHRH agonist + docetaxel (q3 weeks) and estramustine × 4 cycles	≥T3; GS ≥8; vs. PSA >20; N1	RP or RT	206 vs. 207	105.6	54 vs. 43

Adjuvant CTX

Schmidt et al, 2006; National Prostatic Cancer Project—RP Protocol⁴⁹	Cyclophosphamide q3weeks × 2 years vs. estramustine × 2 years vs. observation	T2c – T3b; N1	RP	184	120	56 vs. 46 vs. 46

Schmidt et al, 2006; National Prostatic Cancer Project—RT Protocol⁴⁹	Cyclophosphamide q3weeks × 2 years vs. estramustine × 2 years vs. observation	T2c – T3b; N1	RT	253	120	77 vs. 49 vs. 63

Kibel et al, 2007; Multicenter²⁵	Docetaxel (3 weeks on, 1 week off) × 6 cycles	>50% 3-yr biochemical recurrence	RP	76	29.2	60.5

Cetnar et al, 2008; University of Pennsylvania²⁴	Paclitaxel weekly (3 weeks on, 1 week off) and estramustine × 4 cycles	≥50% 2-year PSA failure⁶³	RP	17	24	30

Ahlgren et al, 2016 SPCG 12⁵³	Docetaxel q3weeks × 6 cycles vs. survellance	pT2 with positive margin and GS ≥4+3; pT3b and GS >3+4; N1 and GS >3+4	RP	459	56.8	47.9 vs. 38.9

Adjuvant CTX + RT + ADT

Hussain et al, 2012; University of Maryland⁵⁵	LHRH agonist + paclitaxel weekly concurrent with adjuvant RT	pT3N0N+ disease or rising PSA ≥ 0.05	RP	30	74.9	37

Hurwitz et al, 2017; RTOG 0621³¹	LHRH agonist and antiandrogen + docetaxel (q3weeks) × 6 cycles	post-RP PSA nadir > 0.2 ng/mL and GS ≥7; post-RP PSA nadir of <0.2 but ≥pT3 and GS ≥8	RT	74	52.8	35.1

Different regimen types and lengths allow only rough comparisons due to the possibility immortal time bias. Biochemical or clinical recurrence.