Table 1.
Antidotes studied for treatment of AlP intoxication.
| Treatment | Experimental model | Dose/route of AlP | Dose/route | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium sulfate | Human study | – | – | Improved oxidative stress status |
| Melatonin | In vitro (Rat brain homogenate) | 0.25-2 mM | 0.1-2mM | Antioxidant activity Increased ATP production Prevention of apoptosis |
| Animal study (Rats) | 4 mg/kg IP | 10 mg/kg IP | ||
| Animal study (Rats) | 16.7 mg/kg | 40-50 mg/kg IP | ||
| Animal study (Rats) | 2 mg/kg | 10 mg/kg IP | ||
| Coconut oil | Human study | 12 g | Oral | Increased survival rate |
| N-acetyl cysteine | Animal study (Mice) | 10-20-40 mg/kg IP | 50-100 mg/kg IP | Delaying the latency of death Prevention of hepatic necrosis |
| Animal study (Rats) | 12.5 mg/kg | 6.25 mg/kg/min Infusion for 30 min | Improvement of hemodynamic profile and biochemical parameters | |
| Human study | – | 140 mg/kg infusion (loading dose) Followed by 70 mg/kg/IV infusion every 4 h |
Reduction of the duration of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation Decrement of mortality rate |
|
| Case report | – | 300 mg/kg infusion for 20 h | Improvement of cardiac alteration | |
| Sodium selenite | Animal study (Mice) | 10-20-40 mg/kg IP | 3 mg/kg | Reduction of pulmonary and liver complications |
| Vitamin E | Case report | 3 g | 400 units IM | Decrement of mechanical ventilation duration Reduction of the mortality |
| Triiodothyronine | Animal study (Rats) | 12 mg/kg | 3 μg/kg | Improvement of cardiovascular complications Decrement of oxidative stress Increment of ATP levels Decrement of apoptosis rate |
| Liothyronine | Human study | 50 μg oral | Amelioration of cardiac complications and oxidative stress | |
| Vasopressin | Animal study (Rats) | 12.5 mg/kg gavage | 2 IU/kg IP | Cardio protective effects Increment of ATP Decrement of oxidative damage and apoptosis |
| Milrinone | Animal study (Rats) | 12.5 mg/kg gavage | 0.25 mg/kg | |
| Laurus nobilis | In vitro (Cultured human blood cells) | 58 mg/l | 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l | Decrement of oxidative stress Decrement of DNA damage |
| Animal study (Rats) | – | 200 mg/kg for 14 days, IP | Suppression of genetic damage Decrement of oxidative stress |
|
| 6-aminonicothinamide | In vitro (Isolated rat hepatocyte) | – | 3 μg/ml for 2 h | Decrement of ROS formation and lipid peroxidation Increment of cell viability |
| Boric acid | In vitro (Distilled water, activated charcoal, and Saturated boric acid solution) | 1 g/200 ml | Saturated boric acid solution | Decrement of the grade of gas evolution |
| Acetyl-l-carnitine | Animal study (Rats) | – | 100, 200, 300 mg/kg, IP | Increment of cytochrome oxidase and ATP production Decrement of oxidative stress Decrement of apoptosis |
IV: intravenous, IM: intramuscular and IP: intraperitoneal.