Table 1.
Clustering and strength of association between common chronic conditions.
| Primary condition | Secondary condition | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| COPD | Depressive disorders (Schneider et al., 2010) | OR = 1.4 |
| TB (Lee et al., 2013) | HR = 2.5 | |
| Diabetes | CVD (Selvin et al., 2004) | RR = 1.2 |
| COPD (Ehrlich et al., 2009) | HR = 1.2 | |
| Depressive disorders (Ali et al., 2006) | OR = 1.6 | |
| Ischemic stroke (Rodriguez et al., 2002) | RR = 1.9, RR = 3.1 | |
| TB (Jeon & Murray, 2008) | RR = 3.1 | |
| Asthma (Ehrlich et al., 2009) | HR = 1.1 | |
| Osteoarthritis (Louati et al., 2015) | OR = 1.5 | |
| HIV/AIDS | CVD (Islam et al., 2012) | On ART: RR = 2.0, Not on ART: 1.6 |
| Depressive disorders | CVD (Van der Kooy et al., 2007) | RR = 1.5 |
| IHD (Van der Kooy et al., 2007) | RR = 1.5 | |
| Diabetes (Nouwen et al., 2010) | RR = 1.2 | |
| Low back pain (Carroll et al., 2004) | HR = 3.9 | |
| Ischemic stroke (Van der Kooy et al., 2007) | RR = 1.4 | |
| Alzheimer's disease (Diniz et al., 2013) | RR = 1.9 | |
| Ischemic stroke | Depressive disorders (Huang et al., 2010) | RR = 3.2 |
| Alzheimer's disease (Tatemichi et al., 1994) | RR = 5.5 | |
| CKD | CVD (Weiner et al., 2004) | RR = 1.2 |
| Asthma | CVD (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012) | RR = 2.1 |
| Breast cancer | CVD (Hooning et al., 2007) | IR = 1.3 |
| Osteoarthritis | Diabetes (Louati et al., 2015) | OR = 1.4 |
| Alzheimer's disease (Huang et al., 2015) | HR = 1.3 |
OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk; IR = incidence rate; ART = antiretroviral therapy; IHD = Ischemic Heart Disease; TB = Tuberculosis; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD = cardiovascular diseases (includes ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke), CKD = chronic kidney disease.