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. 2018 Nov 2;8:16305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34665-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Single-influenza-virion detections using a solid-state nanopore. (a) Schematic illustration depicting nanopore measurements. Individual influenza virions in chorioallantoic fluid were passed through a Si₃N₄ nanopore via electrophoresis under the applied voltage V_b and associated resistive pulses were recorded by tracing a temporal change in the cross-membrane ionic current I_ion. (b) Influenza virion consisting of a spherical capsid covered with envelope and protein spikes such as haemagglutinin and neuraminidase protruding from the surface. This figure was created using the protein structure of the haemagglutinin³² (https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ru7) and neuraminidase³³ (https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5hun) from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB) website. (c) Three types of influenza viruses employed for nanopore sensing (Top: A(H1N1); middle: B; bottom: A(H3N2)).