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. 2018 Nov 2;8:16305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34665-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Virion-derived resistive pulses. (a) Ionic current (I_ion) traces recorded in chorioallantoic fluid containing A(H1N1) (red), A(H3N2) (green), or B (blue) using 300 nm-sized Si₃N₄ nanopore under the bias dc voltage V_b = +0.1 V. Each spike-like I_ion change signifies electrophoretic translocation of single-virion through the pore channel. (b) A magnified view of a resistive pulse. The open pore current is offset to zero. Insets describe the viral motion upon transit through the conduit. Contaminants in the chorioallantoic solution depicted as transparent particles are repelled from the nanopore via electroosmotic flow during the virus sensing under the applied positive voltage.