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. 2018 Nov 2;8:16277. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34460-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Signals evoked by 5 successive electric shock stimuli (100 ms, 10 V) presented at 1 s inter-stimulus intervals. (A) Trace shows changes in DA concentration over time. Circles signal the maximum DA concentration recorded in response to each stimulation. The arrows show the timing of successive stimulations. The double-headed arrow shows the concentration of DA released in response to the fifth stimulation. (B) Responses normalised to the DA signal recorded in response to the first stimulation, and averaged across individuals. The maximum concentration of DA recorded in response to each stimulus ([DA]_max) is shown, along with the concentration of DA released in response to each successive stimulation ([DA] released). Data presented in this figure represent 89 measurements from 23 bees.