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. 2018 Nov 2;8:16277. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34460-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of presenting a novel sensory stimulus (odour) coincident with electric shock. Trains of 5 electric shock stimuli (100 ms, 10 V) were presented 1 s apart followed by a 1 minute recovery period. (A) Dopamine concentration released in response to electric shock stimuli presented without odour stimulation (white bars) compared to the responses observed when bees were presented with shock accompanied by odour stimulation of the antennae (grey bars). (B) Percent difference between DA released in response to 5 presentations of electric shock alone and in response to the same number of electric shock stimuli presented together with odour stimulation of the antennae. Each set of stimuli (first without and then with odour) was presented twice to each bee. The percent change in response to electric shock resulting from coincident presentation of odour was calculated with each bee serving as its own control. Data presented in this figure represent 38 measurements from 5 bees.