Table 2.
Effect | Stress conditions | Species | References |
---|---|---|---|
Increased radial size of cortical cells | compacted soil compacted soil compacted soil pressurized glass beads pressurized glass beads pressurized sand |
22 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species Lupinus angustifolius Triticum aestivum Hordeum vulgare Zea mays L. angustifolius |
Materechera et al. (1991)
Atwell (1988) Colombi et al. (2017) Wilson et al. (1977) Veen (1982) Hanbury and Atwell (2005) |
Increased number of cortical layers | compacted sand compacted soil compacted soil pressurized glass beads |
P. sativum Z. mays, P. sativum, Gossypium hirsutum T. aestivum H. vulgare |
Croser et al. (1999)
Iijima and Kato (2007) Colombi et al. (2017) Wilson et al. (1977) |
Decreased radial size of cortical cells | rigid pores |
Lolium perenne
Z. mays (plus epidermis) Cicer arietinum |
Scholefield and Hall (1985)
Bengough et al. (1997) Kolb et al. (2012) |
Increased cell length | rigid pores | L. perenne (cortex) | Scholefield and Hall (1985) |
Decreased cell length | compacted soil compacted sand pressurized glass beads pressurized glass beads pressurized sand changed orientation |
L. angustifolius (epidermis, cortex) P. sativum (cortex) H. vulgare (epidermis, cortex, endodermis) Z. mays (cortex) L. angustifolius (epidermis) Arabidopsis thaliana (epidermis) |
Atwell (1988)
Croser et al. (1999) Wilson et al. (1977) Veen (1982) Hanbury and Atwell (2005) Okamoto et al. (2008) |
Deformed cells | compacted soil compacted soil pressurized glass beads rigid pores |
Glycine max (cortex, root hairs) T. aestivum (cortex), H. vulgare (cortex, vascular cylinder), Secale cereale (cortex), Triticosecale Wittmack (cortex, vascular cylinder), Z. mays (cortex) H. vulgare (epidermis, cortex, endodermis) C. arietinum (cortex) |
Ramos et al. (2010)
Lipiec et al. (2012) Goss and Drew (1972) Kolb et al. (2012) |
Increased diameter/area of the stele | compacted soil compacted soil compacted soil pressurized glass beads axial loading (apparatus) |
Z. mays, P. sativum, G. hirsutum H. vulgare, S. cereale, Triticosecale Wittmack, Z. mays T. aestivum H. vulgare Z. mays |
Iijima and Kato (2007)
Lipiec et al. (2012) Colombi et al. (2017) Wilson et al. (1977) Kuzeja et al. (2001) |
Decreased diameter/area of the stele | compacted soil rigid pores |
T. aestivum Z. mays |
Lipiec et al. (2012)
Bengough et al. (1997) |
Altered organization of the vascular tissue
Increased xylem thickness Increased xylem fibre area Increased diameter of xylem vessels Decreased diameter of xylem vessels |
bending slope soil conditions compacted soil pressurized glass beads rigid pores |
Populus nigra
Spartium junceum Z. mays, P. sativum H. vulgare Z. mays |
De Zio et al. (2016)
Lombardi et al. (2017) Iijima and Kato (2007) Wilson et al. (1977) Bengough et al. (1997) |
Enhanced cell proliferation | compacted sand pressurized glass beads bending |
Z. mays (lateral cap) H. vulgare (stele, pericycle) P. nigra (cambium) |
Iijima et al. (2003a) Wilson et al. (1977); Wilson and Robards (1978) De Zio et al. (2016) |
Aberrantly orientated divisions | pressurized glass beads rigid tubes |
H. vulgare (endodermis, root cap) Z. mays (root cap) |
Wilson and Robards (1978, 1979) Potocka et al. (2011) |
Reduced size of the meristem | compression (apparatus) artificial obstacle (horizontal barrier) |
Z. mays Z. mays |
Barley (1962)
Souty and Rode (1987) |
Meristem opening | pressurized glass beads rigid tubes |
H. vulgare Z. mays |
Wilson and Robards (1979)
Potocka et al. (2011) |
Ectopic root hair formation | pressurized glass beads pressurized sand rigid tubes changed orientation |
H. vulgare L. angustifolius Z. mays A. thaliana |
Goss and Drew (1972); Goss and Russell (1980) Hanbury and Atwell (2005) Potocka et al. (2011) Okamoto et al. (2008) |
Enhanced sloughing of root cap cells and mucilage secretion | compacted sand/soil rigid tubes |
Z. mays Z. mays |
Iijima and Kono (1992); Iijima et al. (2000, 2003a); Somasundaram et al. (2008) Potocka et al. (2011) |
Ultrastructural changes in root cells | compacted soil pressurized glass beads |
Z. mays (root cap) H. vulgare (endodermis, pericycle, root meristem, root cap) |
Iijima and Kono (1992)
Wilson and Robards (1978, 1979) |
Cell wall modification | compacted soil compacted soil pressurized glass beads pressurized glass beads |
Z. mays H. vulgare H. vulgare Z. mays |
Degenhardt and Gimmler (2000)
Bingham et al. (2010) Wilson and Robards (1978) Veen (1982) |