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. 2018 Feb 17;122(5):711–723. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy010

Table 2.

Detailed specification of the effects of mechanical stress on cell morphology and cell pattern

Effect Stress conditions Species References
Increased radial size of cortical cells compacted soil
compacted soil
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
pressurized glass beads
pressurized sand
22 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species
Lupinus angustifolius
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare
Zea mays
L. angustifolius
Materechera et al. (1991)
Atwell (1988)
Colombi et al. (2017)
Wilson et al. (1977)
Veen (1982)
Hanbury and Atwell (2005)
Increased number of cortical layers compacted sand
compacted soil
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
P. sativum
Z. mays, P. sativum, Gossypium hirsutum
T. aestivum
H. vulgare
Croser et al. (1999)
Iijima and Kato (2007)
Colombi et al. (2017)
Wilson et al. (1977)
Decreased radial size of cortical cells rigid pores Lolium perenne
Z. mays (plus epidermis)
Cicer arietinum
Scholefield and Hall (1985)
Bengough et al. (1997)
Kolb et al. (2012)
Increased cell length rigid pores L. perenne (cortex) Scholefield and Hall (1985)
Decreased cell length compacted soil
compacted sand
pressurized glass beads
pressurized glass beads
pressurized sand
changed orientation
L. angustifolius (epidermis, cortex)
P. sativum (cortex)
H. vulgare (epidermis, cortex, endodermis)
Z. mays (cortex)
L. angustifolius (epidermis)
Arabidopsis thaliana (epidermis)
Atwell (1988)
Croser et al. (1999)
Wilson et al. (1977)
Veen (1982)
Hanbury and Atwell (2005)
Okamoto et al. (2008)
Deformed cells compacted soil
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
rigid pores
Glycine max (cortex, root hairs)
T. aestivum (cortex), H. vulgare (cortex, vascular cylinder), Secale cereale (cortex), Triticosecale Wittmack (cortex, vascular cylinder), Z. mays (cortex)
H. vulgare (epidermis, cortex, endodermis)
C. arietinum (cortex)
Ramos et al. (2010)
Lipiec et al. (2012)
Goss and Drew (1972)
Kolb et al. (2012)
Increased diameter/area of the stele compacted soil
compacted soil
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
axial loading (apparatus)
Z. mays, P. sativum, G. hirsutum
H. vulgare, S. cereale, Triticosecale Wittmack, Z. mays
T. aestivum
H. vulgare
Z. mays
Iijima and Kato (2007)
Lipiec et al. (2012)
Colombi et al. (2017)
Wilson et al. (1977)
Kuzeja et al. (2001)
Decreased diameter/area of the stele compacted soil
rigid pores
T. aestivum
Z. mays
Lipiec et al. (2012)
Bengough et al. (1997)
Altered organization of the vascular tissue
Increased xylem thickness
Increased xylem fibre area
Increased diameter of xylem vessels
Decreased diameter of xylem vessels
bending
slope soil conditions
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
rigid pores
Populus nigra
Spartium junceum
Z. mays, P. sativum
H. vulgare
Z. mays
De Zio et al. (2016)
Lombardi et al. (2017)
Iijima and Kato (2007)
Wilson et al. (1977)
Bengough et al. (1997)
Enhanced cell proliferation compacted sand
pressurized glass beads
bending
Z. mays (lateral cap)
H. vulgare (stele, pericycle)
P. nigra (cambium)
Iijima et al. (2003a)
Wilson et al. (1977); Wilson and Robards (1978)
De Zio et al. (2016)
Aberrantly orientated divisions pressurized glass beads
rigid tubes
H. vulgare (endodermis, root cap)
Z. mays (root cap)
Wilson and Robards (1978, 1979)
Potocka et al. (2011)
Reduced size of the meristem compression (apparatus)
artificial obstacle (horizontal barrier)
Z. mays
Z. mays
Barley (1962)
Souty and Rode (1987)
Meristem opening pressurized glass beads
rigid tubes
H. vulgare
Z. mays
Wilson and Robards (1979)
Potocka et al. (2011)
Ectopic root hair formation pressurized glass beads
pressurized sand
rigid tubes
changed orientation
H. vulgare
L. angustifolius
Z. mays
A. thaliana
Goss and Drew (1972); Goss and Russell (1980)
Hanbury and Atwell (2005)
Potocka et al. (2011)
Okamoto et al. (2008)
Enhanced sloughing of root cap cells and mucilage secretion compacted sand/soil
rigid tubes
Z. mays
Z. mays
Iijima and Kono (1992); Iijima et al. (2000, 2003a); Somasundaram et al. (2008)
Potocka et al. (2011)
Ultrastructural changes in root cells compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
Z. mays (root cap)
H. vulgare (endodermis, pericycle, root meristem, root cap)
Iijima and Kono (1992)
Wilson and Robards (1978, 1979)
Cell wall modification compacted soil
compacted soil
pressurized glass beads
pressurized glass beads
Z. mays
H. vulgare
H. vulgare
Z. mays
Degenhardt and Gimmler (2000)
Bingham et al. (2010)
Wilson and Robards (1978)
Veen (1982)