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. 2018 Oct 11;10(10):410. doi: 10.3390/toxins10100410

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Transient exposure to 20 mM urea induces persistent ROS production. ROS levels in HAEC exposed to 20 mM Urea (HU) for 24 h, 24 h followed by 24 h of subsequent incubation in media without urea, 48 h, and 48 h followed by two days of subsequent incubation in media without urea (HU+ 2dNU). ROS levels were measured by CM-H2DCFDA. Data are the mean ± S.E. from five independent experiments. * p < 0.05 compared to cells not treated with urea, γ p < 0.05 HU compared with HU+ 24 h NU. ns: not significant for cells treated with HU 48 h compared to cells treated 48 h with HU + two days of NU.