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. 2018 Oct 11;10(10):410. doi: 10.3390/toxins10100410

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Transient exposure to 20 mM urea causes a persistent reduction in mtDNA transcription, which is normalized by MnSOD. HAEC with or without MnSOD infection were exposed to 20 mM urea for 48 h , or to 20 mM urea for 48 h followed by two days of subsequent incubation in media alone . The mRNA expression was measured by Real time PCR: (A) ND1; (B) ND4; (C) ND4L; and (D) cytochrome b. Data are the mean ± S.E. from five independent experiments. * p < 0.05 compared to cells treated in the same conditions but not exposed to urea, $ p < 0.05 cells transfected with the empty vector compared to cells over expressing MnSOD.

Inline graphic — Transient exposure to 20 mM urea causes a persistent reduction in mtDNA transcription, which is normalized by MnSOD. HAEC with or without MnSOD infection were exposed to 20 mM urea for 48 h , or to 20 mM urea for 48 h followed by two days of subsequent incubation in media alone . The mRNA expression was measured by Real time PCR: (A) ND1; (B) ND4; (C) ND4L; and (D) cytochrome b. Data are the mean ± S.E. from five independent experiments. * p < 0.05 compared to cells treated in the same conditions but not exposed to urea, $ p < 0.05 cells transfected with the empty vector compared to cells over expressing MnSOD.