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Characterization of GQDs-1. (a) XPS survey spectrum of GQDs-1. (b) High-resolution XPS C 1s spectrum of GQDs-1; a new peak corresponding to COOH appears at 288.6 eV. (c) The high-resolution O 1s XPS spectrum of GQDs-1. (d) ssFTIR spectrum of GQDs-1, obtained after evaporation of water.
