Effect of TNF-α on the expression of Langerin and DC-SIGN in the presence of GM-CSF, TGF-β1, and IL-4. Effects of various proinflammatory cytokines on Langerin and DC-SIGN expression on cells from CD14+ monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4 (day 0–2), and TGF-β1. Monocytes were cultured with GM-CSF, IL-4 (day 0–2), and TGF-β1 with or without 20 ng/ml TNF-α, 30 ng/ml IL-1β, 20 ng/ml IL-6, or 50 ng/ml TSLP for 4 d. The percentage of Langerin+DC-SIGN− cells from four independent experiments is shown in the right panel (+SEM). *p < 0.05, Student t test.