. 2018 Nov 3;16:87. doi: 10.1186/s12951-018-0412-8

Table 1.

Redox nanoparticles: examples with characteristics

Redox nanoparticle	Abbreviation	Type	Toxicity	Size (nm)	Short characteristics
Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) aminomethylstyrene]	PEG-b-PMNT	NRNP^N	Low—does not show any cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 8 mM	~ 50	Effectively removes ROS at the site of post-reperfusion syndrome Can be used as a new type of drug in redox nanomedicine Alternative treatment for N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-side effects like fever, rash, low blood pressure [42]
Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)aminomethylstyrene	MeO-PEG-b-PMNT	NRNP^N	No toxicity found	40	ROS-scavenging ability; effective protection of neuronal cells against OS [21]; biocompatible, stable, colloidal; long-term circulation ability in the bloodstream; protection against radiation-induced weight loss; reduction of the ROS-associated skin aging and skin damage caused by UV exposure [52]; potential use for oral treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; absorption to blood after disintegration in stomach; reduction of inflammation and liver fibrosis [22]; disintegration in acidic environments through protonation of amino groups in the RNP^N core after oral administration; inflammation reduction; inhibition the development of colitis-associated colon cancer [53]
Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)oxymethylstyrene	MeO-PEG-b-PMOT	NRNP^O	Concentrations of up to the 10 mg/mL do not show any cytotoxicity	~ 40	Long blood circulation ability; ROS-scavenging ability and antioxidant activity; treatment significantly enhanced survival of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae treated with ROS inducers; induction of the expression of Nrf2 target gene (GSTP1) in the larvae’s intestines and livers; exhibits a potent therapeutic effect and extremely low toxicity to zebrafish embryos [54] so is a promising candidate for clinical trials
Acetal- poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(nitroxyl radical-containing aminomethyl-styrene) or TEMPO-containing acetal-poly(ethylene glycol)-block- poly(chloromethylstyrene)	Acetal-PEG-b-PRAS	NRNP^N	Low—does not show any cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 8 mM	~ 40	High-performance NPs; ROS-scavenging ability [55]
	TEMPO-containing acetal-PEG-b-PCMS	NRNP^N		~ 40	High-performance NPs; ROS-scavenging ability [55]
Silica-containing RNP	Si-RNP	NRNP^N	No toxicity found	43.6–55.4	Stability at low pH; slower drug releasing and high accumulation in the colon; easier adsorption of drug on silica; more effective drug loading; anticancer activity [19]; ROS-scavenging ability [40]
Gd₃N@C₈₀ encapsulated RNP	Gd₃NP	NRNP^N	No toxicity found	~ 50	ROS-scavenging ability; colloidal stability; long-term circulation ability Nano-contrast agent for MRI for clinical diagnosis [41]
Boron cluster-containing RNP	B-RNP	NRNP^N	No toxicity found	36	ROS-scavenging ability; high colloidal stability; ability to damage tumor cells; ability to suppress the tumor growth and metastasis; huge potential in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy as a boron delivery system [39]