Figure 13. Comparison of parameters related to posture, extracted from the solution postures of the three species modelled: Daspletosaurus (‘D’), ‘Troodon’ (‘T’) and the chicken (‘C’).

(A) Schematic illustration of the solution postures obtained for the three species, along with the location of the whole-body centre of mass (black and white disc). (B) Whole-body centre of mass location anterior to the hips, normalized to total leg length. (C) Degree of crouch for each species, both as measured from the solution posture, as well as empirically predicted from the data reported by Bishop et al. (2018a). (D) Angles of the hip and knee joints. The hip extension angle is expressed relative to the horizontal, whereas the knee flexion angle is expressed relative to the femur. (E) Long-axis rotation and adduction–abduction of the hip joint. Positive values indicate external rotation and abduction (respectively), whereas negative values indicate internal rotation and adduction (respectively).