Table 2.
Cardiology Involvement in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation by Race, Sex, and Education Level, 2009–2014 (N=223,891)
| 2009–2014 | Cardiology | Primary Care | RR* (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race | |||
| White | 85% | 83% | Ref |
| Black | 8% | 10% | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) |
| Hispanic | 5% | 5% | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
| Asian | 2% | 2% | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) |
|
| |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 59% | 50% | Ref |
| Female | 41% | 50% | 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) |
|
| |||
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 30% | 33% | Ref |
| Some college | 55% | 55% | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| College or more | 14% | 11% | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) |
Relative risk of cardiology involvement. Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, liver disease, bleeding history, alcohol use, antiplatelet agents, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, antiarrhythmic agents, digoxin, CHA2DS2-VASc, and HAS-BLED.
CHA2DS2-VASc=congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65–75 years, and sex category; CI=confidence interval; DOAC=direct oral anticoagulant; HAS-BLED=hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly (age >65 years), drugs/alcohol concomitantly; RR=relative risk.