Table 2:

Ethnic group differences in the study variables

Variable	AA Mean (SD)	White Mean (SD)	Total sample Mean (SD)	t value	Effect size
Pain	5.56 (1.82)	4.10 (1.52)	4.41 (1.69)	4.66**	.83
Insomnia	17.85 (4.97)	16.02 (4.74)	16.40 (4.38)	1.95*	.38
PCS total	25.18 (10.90)	20.34 (9.21)	21.37 (9.76)	2.58*	.50
PCS rumination	9.27 (4.15)	7.53 (3.66)	7.90 (3.82)	2.36*	.46
PCS magnification	5.51 (3.29)	3.90 (2.66)	4.24 (2.87)	2.93**	.57
PCS helplessness	10.39 (4.71)	8.91 (4.56)	9.22 (4.62)	1.65	.32
Sleep cognitions	6.55 (2.01)	6.41 (1.51)	6.44 (1.62)	0.42	.09
Depression	18.97 (9.48)	19.15 (8.72)	19.11 (8.86)	−0.1	.02

^*p ≤ .05

^**p ≤ .01

^†χ² value

PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; AA = African American