Effects of V-PAM structural parameters on biofluid filling in 1 cm-long, straight, dead-end microfluidic channels. (a) Effect of vacuum channel length L on the time needed for filling entire microfluidic channels (the total filling time). Mean (black line) ± one standard deviation (S.D., grey area) of total filling time for microchannels without V-PAM was included for comparison. The inset showed data with L of 0.1 – 1 cm. D: 50 µm. (b) Plot of total filling time as a function of pillar separation distance D. L: 1 cm. (c) Plot of total filling time as a function of spin-coating speed S used for generating thin PDMS membranes. L: 1 cm. In all cases, P: 12.5 psi, V: 12.5 psi, and W: 25 µm.