Table 2. Effects of synthetic plant defense elicitors (Actigard^® & cis-jasmone) & Azadirachtin^® applications on wheat stem sawfly (WSS) & Bracon spp. adult individuals (15 sweeps/plot) & parasitism percentage (mean ± SE) in winter wheat fields at the three study locations of Montana.

Treatment	WSS adult number			Parasitoid adult number			Parasitism %
	10 DAT	20 DAT	30 DAT	10 DAT	20 DAT	30 DAT
Knees
Water-ES	7.50 ± 0.87	3.25 ± 1.31	0.5 0 ± 0.29	0.25 ± 0.25	3.25 ± 1.65	0.25 ± 0.25	24.05 ± 3.20
Water-ELS	5.50 ± 0.63	3.00 ± 0.91	0.00 ± 0.00	1.25 ± 0.41	2.75 ± 1.7	2.25 ± 0.95	14.83 ± 7.80
Water-LS	5.00 ± 1.22	1.75 ± 0.75	0.00 ± 0.00	0.25 ± 0.29	2.25 ± 0.48	1.25 ± 0.41	17.91 ± 9.00
Actigard-ES	2.25 ± 0.75	3.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	0.50 ± 0.25	4.50 ± 1.55	1.00 ± 0.41	13.48 ± 3.00
Actigard-ELS	1.15 ± 0.05	2.50 ± 0.87	0.00 ± 0.00	0.50 ± 0.00	4.00 ± 1.08	1.50 ± 0.65	9.32 ± 5.30
Actigard-LS	4.25 ± 1.03	1.75 ± 0.75	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.50	2.50 ± 1.5	1.50 ± 0.5	15.62 ± 3.10
cis-jasmone-ES	5.00 ± 1.68	2.00 ± 0.41	0.00 ± 0.00	0.25 ± 1.25	6.00 ± 2.35	0.00 ± 0.00	7.77 ± 1.90
cis-jasmone-ELS	3.75 ± 1.18	3.5 ± 1.19	0.00 ± 0.00	0.50 ± 0.25	4.75 ± 2.06	1.75 ± 0.63	14.72 ± 4.70
cis-jasmone-LS	2.75 ± 1.49	1.75 ± 0.85	0.50 ± 0.29	1.00 ± 0.75	4.25 ± 0.85	0.75 ± 0.48	13.21 ± 6.20
Azadirachtin-ES	4.25 ± 1.49	3.00 ± 0.41	0.25 ± 0.25	0.50 ± 0.25	4.00 ± 0.91	1.50 ± 0.5	19.84 ± 8.00
Azadirachtin-ELS	2.00 ± 0.40	3.25 ± 1.11	0.25 ± 0.25	1.25 ± 0.75	5.25 ± 1.31	1.50 ± 0.5	8.33 ± 8.30
Azadirachtin-LS	3.75 ± 1.93	2.75 ± 1.11	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.75	2.75 ± 1.11	0.75± 0.48	11.08 ± 4.00
Statistical output	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=16.30$; P = 0.13	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=7.38$; P = 0.77	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=11.75$; P = 0.38	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=16.64$; P = 0.47	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=5.80$; P = 0.89	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=13.38$; P = 0.27	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=0.97$; P = 0.49
Choteau
Water-ES	11.25 ± 1.89	19.00 ± 1.96	1.25 ± 0.63	2.00 ± 1.08	2.00 ± 0.41	0.25 ± 0.25	2.42 ± 1.02
Water-ELS	11.75 ± 2.06	19.75 ± 2.29	1.50 ± 0.87	2.25 ± 1.11	1.75 ± 1.11	2.75 ± 1.11	2.03 ± 1.43
Water-LS	12.25 ± 1.80	13.50 ± 1.19	1.00 ± 0.41	1.50 ± 0.75	2.50 ± 1.25	1.50 ± 0.76	1.56 ± 1.56
Actigard-ES	5.75 ± 1.38	21.50 ± 3.77	0.50 ± 0.50	1.75 ± 1.03	2.00 ± 0.82	2.00 ± 1.22	1.9 ± 0.68
Actigard-ELS	8.50 ± 1.44	15.25 ± 1.89	1.75 ± 0.85	0.50 ± 0.29	2.50 ± 1.19	0.75 ± 0.48	3.49 ± 1.35
Actigard-LS	10.50 ± 2.53	13.00 ± 3.00	1.75 ± 0.75	2.75 ± 1.18	2.75 ± 1.31	1.50 ± 1.19	2.9 ± 1.39
cis-jasmone-ES	11.00 ± 2.04	20.25 ± 3.47	2.25 ± 0.85	1.00 ± 0.71	1.50 ± 0.50	1.25 ± 0.75	2.27 ± 0.40
cis-jasmone-ELS	10.50 ± 2.10	17.75 ± 5.36	2.50 ± 1.19	1.25 ± 0.48	4.25 ± 0.85	0.75 ± 0.48	0.40 ± 0.40
cis-jasmone-LS	9.25 ± 2.21	18.25 ± 3.68	1.75 ± 0.63	1.50 ± 0.65	2.75 ± 0.95	0.75 ± 0.48	0.00 ± 0.00
Azadirachtin-ES	8.75 ± 3.47	20.00 ± 4.36	3.00 ± 0.71	1.75 ± 1.18	1.50 ± 0.65	1.50 ± 0.65	0.00 ± 0.00
Azadirachtin-ELS	6.25 ± 0.82	15.75 ± 3.82	0.50 ± 0.50	2.75 ± 1.6	3.50 ± 0.50	1.00 ± 0.58	0.78 ± 0.78
Azadirachtin-LS	6.75 ± 1.93	19.00 ± 3.16	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.71	1.25 ± 0.75	1.50 ± 0.96	0.00 ± 0.00
Statistical output	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=14.67$; P = 0.20	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=9.33$; P = 0.60	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=12.74$; P = 0.31	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=5.85$; P = 0.89	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=12.32$; P = 0.34	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=7.24$; P = 0.78	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=1.23$; P = 0.30
Conrad
Water-ES	3.00 ± 0.70	1.50 ± 0.95	0.50 ± 0.29	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	10.54 ± 2.63
Water-ELS	2.50 ± 0.65	2.00 ± 1.08	0.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.41	0.75 ± 0.48	0.75 ± 0.48	7.39 ± 2.50
Water-LS	1.25 ± 0.48	1.00 ± 0.70	0.75 ± 0.48	1.00 ± 0.29	1.50 ± 0.29	0.00 ± 0.00	15.56 ± 3.04
Actigard-ES	2.67 ± 1.15	1.00 ± 0.70	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ±0.25	1.00 ± 0.71	0.25 ± 0.25	21.94 ± 3.94
Actigard-ELS	0.75 ± 0.48	0.75 ± 0.48	0.25 ± 0.25	0.00 ± 0.00	1.50 ± 0.87	0.5 ± 0.29	19.31± 6.97
Actigard-LS	1.75 ± 1.03	2.25 ± 1.31	0.00 ± 0.00	0.50 ±0.5	0.25 ± 0.25	0.00 ± 0.00	16.12 ± 1.98
cis-jasmone-ES	1.25 ± 0.63	1.00 ± 0.70	0.75 ± 0.48	1.25 ± 1.25	1.75 ± 0.85	0.0 0 ± 0.00	8.89 ± 5.11
cis-jasmone-ELS	2.50 ± 0.87	1.25 ± 0.75	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	1.25 ± 0.63	0.75 ± 0.25	10.92 ± 5.19
cis-jasmone-LS	2.50 ± 0.64	0.25 ± 0.25	0.00 ± 0.00	1.25 ± 0.75	1.50 ± 0.87	0.25 ± 0.25	18.08 ± 3.71
Azadirachtin-ES	1.00 ± 0.71	1.25 ± 0.75	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	1.00 ± 0.71	0.75 ± 0.75	7.67 ± 3.35
Azadirachtin-ELS	1.50 ± 0.87	0.75 ± 0.48	0.00 ± 0.00	1.25 ± 0.75	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	11.77 ± 6.06
Azadirachtin-LS	1.75 ± 0.85	0.75 ± 0.48	0.00 ± 0.00	0.75 ± 0.75	0.25 ± 0.25	0.25 ± 0.25	12.38 ± 6.79
Statistical output	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=10.42$; P = 0.49	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=3.66$; P = 0.98	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=10.41$; P = 0.51	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=13.70$; P = 0.25	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=8.33$; P = 0.68	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=16.30$10.65; P = 0.47	${\text{χ}}_{11}^2=16.30$1.05; P = 0.43

Notes:

The number of replicates per treatment was four.

DAT, Days after the initial treatment application (i.e., chemical sprayed at wheat stem sawfly egg stage); ES, Egg stage; ELS, Egg and larval stages; LS, Larval stage.