Table 4. Effects of synthetic plant defense elicitors (Actigard® and cis-jasmone) and Azadirachtin® applications on average yield and quality (± SE) parameters of winter wheat fields infested at the three study locations of Montana.
| Treatment | Yield (kg/ha) | Test weight (kg/m3) | Protein (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Knees | |||
| Water-ES | 3900 ± 186.90 | 788 ± 1.43 | 11 ± 0.05 |
| Water-ELS | 3966 ± 176.98 | 787 ± 4.44 | 11 ± 0.27 |
| Water-LS | 3729 ± 127.53 | 790 ± 6.15 | 12 ± 0.36 |
| Actigard-ES | 3660 ± 246.29 | 795 ± 1.22 | 11 ± 0.18 |
| Actigard-ELS | 3686 ± 198.49 | 797 ± 2.61 | 12 ± 0.18 |
| Actigard-LS | 3809 ± 224.53 | 795 ± 1.39 | 12 ± 0.23 |
| cis-jasmone-ES | 4045 ± 150.30 | 790 ± 2.81 | 11 ± 0.33 |
| cis-jasmone-ELS | 4077 ± 89.42 | 793 ± 3.66 | 11 ± 0.13 |
| cis-jasmone-LS | 3823 ± 144.05 | 792 ± 0.37 | 11 ± 0.45 |
| Azadirachtin-ES | 4027 ± 161.50 | 792 ± 1.75 | 11 ± 0.19 |
| Azadirachtin-ELS | 3807 ± 224.22 | 794 ± 0.91 | 11 ± 0.21 |
| Azadirachtin-LS | 3932 ± 142.87 | 791 ± 1.85 | 11 ± 0.21 |
| P value | NS | NS | NS |
| Choteau | |||
| Water-ES | 3798 ± 311.60 | 770 ± 8.53 | 14 ± 0.29 |
| Water-ELS | 3810 ± 184.51 | 771 ± 7.65 | 13 ± 0.40 |
| Water-LS | 3763 ± 154.44 | 768 ± 8.27 | 14 ± 0.40 |
| Actigard-ES | 3893 ± 423.80 | 766 ± 5.27 | 15 ± 0.40 |
| Actigard-ELS | 3923 ± 373.88 | 789 ± 1.22 | 14 ± 0.30 |
| Actigard-LS | 3972 ± 261.37 | 776 ± 1.62 | 15 ± 0.18 |
| cis-jasmone-ES | 3949 ± 382.61 | 764 ± 7.60 | 13 ± 1.03 |
| cis-jasmone-ELS | 3719 ± 134.89 | 777 ± 5.27 | 13 ± 0.42 |
| cis-jasmone-LS | 3686 ± 183.94 | 767 ± 7.71 | 15 ± 0.13 |
| Azadirachtin-ES | 3677 ± 82.25 | 765 ± 9.79 | 14 ± 0.53 |
| Azadirachtin-ELS | 3613 ± 129.84 | 755 ± 8.14 | 14 ± 0.31 |
| Azadirachtin-LS | 3894 ± 166.76 | 768 ± 7.32 | 14 ± 0.45 |
| P-value | NS | NS | NS |
| Conrad | |||
| Water-ES | 4393 ± 817.03 | 793 ± 3.83 | 13 ± 0.32 |
| Water-ELS | 4827 ± 528.68 | 798 ± 6.41 | 13 ± 0.53 |
| Water-LS | 4679 ± 480.06 | 789 ± 2.50 | 13 ± 0.23 |
| Actigard-ES | 4730 ± 587.90 | 796 ± 4.68 | 13 ± 0.32 |
| Actigard-ELS | 4652 ± 402.65 | 791 ± 6.85 | 13 ± 0.28 |
| Actigard-LS | 5003 ± 725.85 | 793 ± 6.60 | 13 ± 0.39 |
| cis-jasmone-ES | 4828 ± 535.94 | 819 ± 14.03 | 14 ± 0.95 |
| cis-jasmone-ELS | 5241 ± 340.76 | 796 ± 5.50 | 13 ± 0.20 |
| cis-jasmone-LS | 4600 ± 317.66 | 790 ± 4.99 | 13 ± 0.23 |
| Azadirachtin-ES | 5465 ± 654.48 | 796 ± 4.02 | 13 ± 0.39 |
| Azadirachtin-ELS | 5128 ± 574.57 | 794 ± 5.49 | 13 ± 0.47 |
| Azadirachtin-LS | 5203 ± 751.90 | 788 ± 7.15 | 13 ± 0.44 |
| P-value | NS | NS | NS |
Note
The number of replicates per treatment was four.
ES, Egg stage; ELS, Egg and larval stages; LS, Larval stage; NS, no significant.