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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2018 Sep 6;28(11):759–766.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.08.014

Table 4.

Intersectionality models, weighted to 2014

PCS MCS
Intersectionality: race * sex
Base model Race * sex interactions Base model Race * sex interactions
Variables Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value
Constant (White men) 50.62 (50.08,51.16) <0.0005 50.61 (50.01,51.22) <0.0005 53.95 (53.47,54.43) <0.0005 54.01 (53.51,54.50) <0.0005
Education 0.91 (0.79,1.04) <0.0005 0.92 (0.73,1.10) <0.0005 0.73 (0.44,1.02) <0.0005 0.44 (−0.03,0.90) 0.066
White women −1.73 (−2.39,−1.08) <0.0005 −1.74 (−2.58,−0.89) <0.0005 −2.54 (−3.16,−1.91) <0.0005 −2.68 (−3.35,−2.01) <0.0005
Black men 0.09 (−0.80,0.97) 0.848 0.22 (−0.76,1.19) 0.661 −0.11 (−0.90,0.67) 0.773 −0.18 (−0.96,0.61) 0.658
Black women −2.72 (−3.62,−1.83) <0.0005 −2.77 (−3.81,−1.73) <0.0005 −1.89 (−2.69,−1.10) <0.0005 −2.03 (−2.84,−1.22) <0.0005
Hispanic / Latino men 0.46 (−0.70,1.63) 0.437 0.48 (−0.78,1.74) 0.456 0.63 (−0.41,1.68) 0.234 0.58 (−0.47,1.63) 0.279
Hispanic / Latino women −0.50 (−1.89,0.89) 0.484 −0.38 (−1.84,1.08) 0.612 −0.86 (−2.00,0.27) 0.136 −0.97 (−2.10,0.17) 0.095
White women * education 0.00 (−0.29,0.30) 0.990 0.65 (−0.06,1.37) 0.075
Black men * education −0.30 (−0.68,0.08) 0.119 0.22 (−0.62,1.06) 0.608
Black women * education 0.06 (−0.33,0.45) 0.763 0.91 (0.19,1.64) 0.014
Hispanic men * education 0.00 (−0.44,0.43) 0.983 0.36 (−0.42,1.14) 0.364
Hispanic / Latino women *  education −0.29 (−0.77,0.20) 0.249 −0.13 (−0.99,0.74) 0.775
Intersectionality: cSES * race
Base model cSES * race interactions Base model cSES * race interactions
Variables Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value
Constant (White, high cSES) 50.65 (50.13, 51.18) < 0.0005 50.77 (50.20, 51.33) < 0.0005 53.76 (53.26, 54.26) < 0.0005 53.90 (53.37, 54.43) < 0.0005
Education 0.91 (0.78, 1.04) < 0.0005 0.83 (0.67, 0,99) < 0.0005 0.26 (0.14, 0.39) < 0.0005 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) 0.023
White, low cSES −1.64 (−2.51, −0.78) < 0.0005 −1.75 (−2.65, −0.84) < 0.0005 −0.78 (−1.59, 0.03) 0.058 −0.90 (−1.74, −0.06) 0.035
Black, high cSES −0.82 (−1.63, −0.00) 0.049 −0.64 (−1.66, 0.38) 0.216 0.01 (−0.74, 0.76) 0.983 −0.26 (−1.17, 0.65) 0.573
Black, low cSES −1.71 (−2.63, −0.79) < 0.0005 −1.88 (−2.85, −0.92) < 0.0005 −0.08 (−0.85, 0.70) 0.848 −0.27 (−1.09, 0.55) 0.518
Hispanic / Latino, high cSES 0.84 (−0.62, 2.30) 0.259 1.15 (−0.85, 2.15) 0.261 1.68 (0.51, 2.85) 0.005 1.54 (0.05, 3.04) 0.043
Hispanic / Latino, low cSES −0.72 (−1.83, 0.40) 0.208 −0.86 (−1.99, 0.27) 0.136 0.27 (−0.67, 1.21) 0.575 0.15 (−0.81, 1.10) 0.762
White, low cSES * education 0.38 (−0.08, 0.83) 0.105 0.21 (−0.23, 0.65) 0.356
Black, high cSES * education −0.21 (−0.58, 0.15) 0.254 0.19 (−0.18, 0.57) 0.309
Black, low cSES * education 0.19 (−0.21, 0.58) 0.354 0.61 (0.21, 1.00) 0.002
Hispanic / Latino, high cSES  *education −0.22 (−0.74, 0.30) 0.415 0.08 (−0.35, 0.51) 0.725
Hispanic / Latino, low cSES *  education 0.01 (−0.49, 0.50) 0.978 0.33 (−0.09, 0.76) 0.127
Intersectionality: cSES * sex
Base model cSES * sex interactions Base model cSES * sex interactions
Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value Beta (95% CI) p-value
Constant (high cSES men) 50.68 (50.16, 51.21) < 0.0005 50.87 (50.27, 51.46) < 0.0005 53.92 (53.46, 54.38) < 0.0005 54.19 (53.70, 54.68) < 0.0005
Education 0.91 (0.78, 1.04) < 0.0005 0.80 (0.64, 0.96) < 0.0005 0.73 (0.44, 1.02) < 0.0005 0.07 (−0.39, 0.54) 0.760
High cSES women −1.85 (−2.47, −1.22) < 0.0005 −1.87 (−2.76, −0.99) < 0.0005 −2.49 (−3.09, −1.89) < 0.0005 −3.06 (−3.83, −2.30) < 0.0005
Low cSES men −1.78 (−2.66, −0.90) < 0.0005 −1.92 (−2.85, −0.99) < 0.0005 −0.77 (−1.56, 0.02) 0.056 −1.02 (−1.80, −0.23) 0.012
Low cSES women −3.21 (−4.10, −2.31) < 0.0005 −3.39 (−4.34, −2.44) < 0.0005 −2.96 (−3.78, −2.14) < 0.0005 −3.19 (−4.02, −2.36) < 0.0005
High cSES women * education 0.02 (−0.26, 0.30) 0.886 1.32 (0.46, 2.18) 0.003
Low cSES men * education 0.38 (−0.05, 0.82) 0.085 0.68 (−0.04, 1.40) 0.064
Low cSES women * education 0.41 (−0.06, 0.89) 0.086 0.75 (0.01, 1.49) 0.048

PCS is physical health component summary score; MCS is mental health component summary score.

Education is centered at 12 years, and birth year is centered at 1960 so the constant is interpretable.

For PCS, education is coded linearly as years of education; a 1-unit increase in education is a 1-year increase in schooling.

For MCS, education is coded linearly as years of education until 13 years, and flat thereafter (i.e. everything after 13 years of schooling is recoded as 13 years because found this specification was the best fit for the data). A 1unit increase in education is a 1-year increase in schooling until 13 years.

Models adjusted for all effect modifies and confounders; we modeled main effects and interactions for Other race men and Other race women but did not display these results due to ambiguity in interpretation.

The reference group is White men born in the U.S., outside the South, who lived in non-rural areas at age 14 years and whose mothers completed 12 or more years of schooling; because each analytic model varies in the interaction terms included, the interpretation of the reference group similarly varies across models.

Interaction term coefficients indicate the additional difference in PCS / MCS associated with each year of education; positive interaction terms indicate the demographic group benefited more from each year of education than the reference group, while negative interaction terms indicate the demographic group benefited less from each year of education than the reference group. To calculate the change in PCS / MCS for a one-year increase in education for a specific demographic group, sum the coefficient for the main effect for education with the coefficient for the interaction term.