Table 1.
Maternal and Infant Characteristics by Maternal Route of HIV Acquisition
| Characteristic | Total (N=2123) |
PHIV+ (N=232) |
HHIV+ (N=1646) |
Missing (N=245) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery (years), Median (IQR) | 28.4 (23.8, 33.1) | 23.0 (20.5, 27.3) | 29.3 (24.9, 33.7) | 27.5 (23.0, 33.2) | |
| Missing, N (%) | 81 (4) | 13 (6) | 62 (4) | 6 (2) | |
| Trimester of first prenatal care visit | |||||
| 1 | 1039 (49) | 144 (62) | 877 (53) | 18 (7) | |
| 2 | 447 (21) | 53 (23) | 378 (23) | 16 (7) | |
| 3 | 55 (3) | 3 (1) | 47 (3) | 5 (2) | |
| No prenatal care/Missing | 582 (27) | 32 (14) | 344 (21) | 206 (84) | |
| 1st viral load (copies/mL) during pregnancy | |||||
| >1000 copies/mL, N (%) | 1034 (49) | 115 (50) | 784 (48) | 135 (55) | |
| On ARVs at measure, N (%) | 1060 (50) | 153 (66) | 800 (49) | 107 (44) | |
| Missing VL, N (%) | 34 (2) | 1 (0) | 21 (1) | 12 (5) | |
| Missing ARV at time of VL, N (%) | 42 (2) | 5 (2) | 33 (2) | 4 (2) | |
| Last viral load (copies/mL) during pregnancy | |||||
| >1000 copies/mL, N (%) | 241 (11) | 45 (19) | 153 (9) | 43 (18) | |
| On ARVs at measure, N (%) | 1994 (94) | 221 (95) | 1554 (94) | 219 (89) | |
| Missing, N (%) | 34 (2) | 1 (0) | 21 (1) | 12 (5) | |
| Missing ARV at time of VL, N (%) | 42 (2) | 5 (2) | 33 (2) | 4 (2) | |
| 1st CD4 (cells/mm3) during pregnancy | |||||
| <200, N (%) | 282 (13) | 51 (22) | 192 (12) | 39 (16) | |
| 200–350, N (%) | 458 (22) | 49 (21) | 347 (21) | 62 (25) | |
| 351–500, N (%) | 436 (21) | 44 (19) | 340 (21) | 52 (21) | |
| >500, N (%) | 901 (42) | 85 (37) | 737 (45) | 79 (32) | |
| Missing, N (%) | 44 (2) | 3 (1) | 28 (2) | 13 (5) | |
| Last CD4 (cells/mm3) during pregnancy | |||||
| <200, N (%) | 208 (10) | 45 (19) | 130 (8) | 33 (13) | |
| 200-350, N (%) | 358 (17) | 47 (20) | 271 (16) | 40 (16) | |
| 351–500, N (%) | 526 (25) | 43 (19) | 419 (25) | 64 (26) | |
| >500, N (%) | 985 (46) | 94 (41) | 796 (48) | 95 (39) | |
| Missing, N (%) | 44 (2) | 3 (1) | 28 (2) | 13 (5) | |
| ARV regimen during pregnancy, N (%) | |||||
| None | 23 (1) | 3 (1) | 15 (1) | 5 (2) | |
| Non-cART | 12 (1) | 3 (1) | 6 (0) | 3 (1) | |
| cART with only NRTIs | 157 (7) | 6 (3) | 122 (7) | 29 (12) | |
| cART with NNRTI | 160 (8) | 15 (6) | 140 (9) | 5 (2) | |
| cART with PI | 1509 (71) | 152 (66) | 1173 (71) | 184 (75) | |
| cART with EI/FI/INSTI | 215 (10) | 48 (21) | 156 (9) | 11 (4) | |
| Missing | 47 (2) | 5 (2) | 34 (2) | 8 (3) | |
| Gestational age starting ARV, (weeks) Median (IQR) | 11.9 (0, 18.9) | 0 (0, 15.0) | 11.9 (0, 18.7) | 15.6 (4.4, 22.7) | |
| Duration of ARV use during pregnancy (weeks), Median (IQR) | 25.7 (18.3, 36.7) | 33.0 (22.1, 37.7) | 25.6 (18.7, 36.7) | 21.1 (14.4, 31.1) | |
| Infant HIV infection status, N (%) | |||||
| PHIV+ | 9 (0.4) | 2 (0.9) | 6 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | |
| PHEU | 1666 (78) | 184 (79) | 1392 (85) | 90 (37) | |
| Indeterminate | 448 (21) | 46 (20) | 248 (15) | 154 (63) | |
| Rate of MTCT among those with known outcome (%, 95% CI)1 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.3, 4.3) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.2, 7.7) | |
1
Confidence intervals calculated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for mothers with multiple infants on study.
PHIV+: perinatally HIV-infected, HHIV+: horizontally HIV-infected, PHEU: perinatally HIV-exposed and uninfected, ARV: antiretroviral drug, cART: combination antiretroviral regimen, EI: entry inhibitor, FI: fusion inhibitor, INSTI: integrase inhibitor, PI: protease inhibitor, NNRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI: nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.