Table II.
Risk factors associated with prevalent, incident and worsening knee pain (KP)
| Age, gender, BMI-adjusted ORs (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | Incidence | Worsening | |
| Central risk factors | |||
| Widespread pain | 3.02 (2.71; 3.37) | 2.23 (1.63; 3.06) | 1.68 (1.35; 2.10) |
| HADS anxiety score ≥8 | 1.87 (1.71; 2.06) | 1.27 (0.95; 1.70) | 1.68 (1.35; 2.08) |
| HADS depression score ≥8 | 2.40 (2.14; 2.70) | 1.99 (1.38; 2.87) | 1.85 (1.46; 2.34) |
| PCS in the highest tertile ≥9) | 2.06 (1.88; 2.25) | 1.14 (0.86; 1.52) | 2.27 (1.83; 2.83) |
| mPDQ ≥ 19 | n/a§ | n/a§ | 2.65 (1.92; 3.65) |
| Peripheral risk factors | |||
| Significant injury | 5.62 (4.92; 6.42) | 1.08 (0.68; 1.72) | 0.89 (0.70; 1.13) |
| New injury (past 12 months) | n/a | 69.27 (24.15; 198.7) | 2.52 (1.48; 4.30) |
| Early varus malalignment | 1.49 (1.18; 1.88) | 1.28 (0.64; 2.57) | 1.60 (0.99; 2.58) |
| Early valgus malalignment | 1.72 (1.25; 2.36) | 1.05 (0.36; 3.12) | 1.64 (0.89; 3.03) |
| Varus malalignment | 5.43 (3.44; 8.58) | n/a | 2.28 (1.30; 4.02) |
| Valgus malalignment | 4.18 (2.74; 6.38) | n/a | 0.71 (0.37; 1.37) |
| High risk occupation | 1.43 (1.31; 1.56) | 0.99 (0.76; 1.30) | 1.29 (1.04; 1.60) |
| 2D4D ratio (type 3) | 1.04 (0.95; 1.14) | 1.18 (0.90; 1.54) | 0.86 (0.69; 1.07) |
| Other risk factors | |||
| Age, mean (SD)∗ | 1.00 (0.99; 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99; 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00; 1.02) |
| Age categories (reference age group 40–49) | |||
| 50–59 | 1.10 (0.95; 1.26) | 1.23 (0.80; 1.90) | 1.29 (0.88; 1.87) |
| 60–69 | 1.06 (0.93; 1.21) | 1.01 (0.67; 1.53) | 1.19 (0.83; 1.71) |
| 70–79 | 0.93 (0.81; 1.07) | 1.20 (0.78; 1.84) | 1.47 (1.01; 2.14) |
| ≥80 | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) | 0.63 (0.21; 1.84) | 1.63 (0.80; 3.35) |
| Women, n (%)† | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) | 1.15 (0.89; 1.50) | 1.34 (1.07; 1.66) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)‡ | 1.08 (1.07; 1.09) | 1.06 (1.03; 1.09) | 1.05 (1.04; 1.07) |
| Nodal OA | 1.89 (1.64; 2.17) | 1.49 (0.99; 2.23) | 1.62 (1.23; 2.14) |
| ICOAP intermittent in the highest tertile (≥7) | n/a§ | n/a§ | 3.61 (2.89; 4.50) |
| ICOAP constant in the highest tertile (≥7) | n/a§ | n/a§ | 3.70 (2.96; 4.63) |
| N of comorbidities | 1.21 (1.15; 1.28) | 1.31 (1.12; 1.53) | 1.13 (1.00; 1.27) |
| Any comorbidities | 1.29 (1.18; 1.42) | 1.48 (1.12; 1.95) | 1.29 (1.02; 1.64) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 2 | 1.37 (1.22; 1.53) | 1.26 (0.90; 1.78) | 1.26 (0.98; 1.61) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 3 | 1.68 (1.34; 2.11) | 2.55 (1.41; 4.60) | 0.98 (0.62; 1.54) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 4 | 1.51 (0.80; 2.84) | 8.85 (1.95; 40.16) | 0.70 (0.15; 3.18) |
In bold - If a 95% confidence interval does not include the null value (i.e. there is a statistically meaningful or statistically significant difference between the groups).
Abbreviations: BMI - body mass index; KP – knee pain; OR – odds ratio; CI –confidence interval; HADS - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PCS - Pain Catastrophizing Scale; SD - standard deviation; PDQ – Pain DETECT questionnaire; ICOAP - Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain.
Adjusted for gender and BMI only.
Adjusted for age and BMI only.
Adjusted for age and gender only.
mPDQ and ICOAP scores (intermittent and constant) were knee-specific, so if there was no KP at baseline, the score was 0 and therefore could not be a risk factor for prevalent or incident KP.