| Descriptive |
OR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Stable/improved | Worsened | Crude | Age, gender, BMI-adjusted | |
| N | 2396 | 1738 | 658 | ||
| Central risk factors | |||||
| Widespread pain, n (%) | 794 (33.14) | 561 (32.28) | 233 (35.41) | 1.15 (0.95; 1.39) | 1.11 (0.92; 1.35) |
| HADS anxiety score ≥8, n (%) | 900 (37.56) | 642 (36.94) | 258 (39.21) | 1.10 (0.92; 1.32) | 1.09 (0.90; 1.31) |
| HADS depression score ≥8, n (%) | 551 (23.00) | 398 (22.90) | 153 (23.25) | 1.02 (0.82; 1.26) | 1.00 (0.80; 1.24) |
| PCS in the highest tertile (≥9), n (%) | 998 (41.65) | 722 (41.54) | 276 (41.95) | 1.02 (0.85; 1.22) | 1.01 (0.84; 1.22) |
| mPDQ ≥ 19, n (%) | 202 (8.43) | 160 (9.21) | 42 (6.38) | 0.67 (0.47; 0.96) | 0.63 (0.44; 0.91) |
| ICOAP intermittent in the highest tertile (≥7), n (%) | 826 (34.47) | 616 (35.44) | 210 (31.91) | 0.85 (0.71; 1.03) | 0.81 (0.66; 0.99) |
| ICOAP constant in the highest tertile (≥7), n (%) | 788 (32.89) | 584 (33.60) | 204 (31.00) | 0.89 (0.73; 1.08) | 0.82 (0.67; 1.00) |
| Peripheral risk factors | |||||
| Significant injury at baseline, n (%) | 706 (29.47) | 497 (29.30) | 209 (32.45) | 1.16 (0.95; 1.41) | 1.18 (0.96; 1.44) |
| Significant injury in the past 12 months, n (%) | 63 (2.63) | 40 (2.31) | 23 (3.51) | 1.54 (0.91; 2.59) | 1.43 (0.84; 2.44) |
| Early varus malalignment, n (%) | 102 (4.26) | 76 (4.73) | 26 (4.32) | 0.91 (0.58; 1.43) | 0.89 (0.56; 1.42) |
| Early valgus malalignment, n (%) | 59 (2.46) | 42 (2.66) | 17 (2.85) | 1.08 (0.61; 1.91) | 1.02 (0.57; 1.85) |
| Varus malalignment, n (%) | 61 (2.55) | 48 (2.89) | 13 (2.08) | 0.71 (0.38; 1.32) | 0.66 (0.35; 1.27) |
| Valgus malalignment, n (%) | 68 (2.84) | 52 (3.13) | 16 (2.56) | 0.81 (0.46; 1.43) | 0.80 (0.45; 1.43) |
| High risk occupation, n (%) | 1093 (45.62) | 764 (43.96) | 329 (50.00) | 1.27 (1.07; 1.53) | 1.30 (1.07; 1.56) |
| 2D4D ratio (type 3), n (%) | 1188 (49.58) | 854 (51.66) | 334 (53.96) | 1.10 (0.91; 1.32) | 1.11 (0.92; 1.34) |
| Other risk factors | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD)† | 62.41 (10.02) | 62.48 (9.96) | 62.22 (10.20) | 1.00 (0.99; 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99; 1.01) |
| Women, n (%)‡ | 1397 (58.31) | 997 (57.36) | 400 (60.79) | 1.15 (0.96; 1.38) | 1.15 (0.96; 1.39) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)§ | 28.29 (5.80) | 28.21 (5.62) | 28.50 (6.25) | 1.01 (0.99; 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99; 1.02) |
| Nodal OA, n (%) | 364 (15.19) | 248 (14.87) | 116 (18.71) | 1.32 (1.03; 1.68) | 1.34 (1.04; 1.72) |
| N of comorbidities, mean (SD), n (%) | 0.90 (0.90) | 0.90 (0.91) | 0.89 (0.86) | 0.98 (0.89; 1.09) | 0.95 (0.85; 1.06) |
| Any comorbidities, n (%) | 1461 (60.98) | 1053 (60.59) | 408 (62.01) | 1.06 (0.88; 1.28) | 1.05 (0.86; 1.28) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 2, n (%) | 553 (23.08) | 407 (23.42) | 146 (22.19) | 0.93 (0.75; 1.16) | 0.88 (0.70; 1.10) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 3, n (%) | 127 (5.30) | 99 (5.70) | 28 (4.26) | 0.74 (0.48; 1.13) | 0.66 (0.42; 1.03) |
| Any comorbidities ≥ 4, n (%) | 14 (0.58) | 11 (0.63) | 3 (0.46) | 0.72 (0.20; 2.59) | 0.46 (0.10; 2.07) |
In bold - If a 95% confidence interval does not include the null value (i.e. there is a statistically meaningful or statistically significant difference between the groups).
Abbreviations: BMI - body mass index; KP – knee pain; OR – odds ratio; CI –confidence interval; HADS - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PCS - Pain Catastrophizing Scale; SD – standard deviation; mPDQ – modified Pain Detect Questionnaire; ICOAP - Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain.
∗
A significant change from baseline was calculated using he least significant criterion (LSC) (Nguyen and Eisman, 2000, Wang et al., 2016).
†
Adjusted for gender and BMI only.
‡
adjuSted for age and BMI only.
§
Adjusted for age and gender only.