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. 2018 Oct 29;9:1199. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01199

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Copyright © 2018 Kusuma, Barabadi, Tan, Morton, Frith and Lim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Workflow summary of EVs production for clinical use. Schematic of the development of EV therapeutics from preclinical testing to scalable bioprocesses including (A) development of large scale manufacturing of clinical grade EVs through various types of bioreactors, (B) characterization, quality analysis and content screening including factors involved in immunomodulation, angiogenesis, regeneration, tumor antigen presentation, (C) preservation in appropriate storage conditions to maintain the stability and integrity of these factors to meet clinical-scale demands.